2018年课程资料 课程讲义 教师资格统考讲义 6教师资格统考 - 副本 中学 勾跃-英语学科知识与教学能力 高中 教材精讲班 word 19--语用学

第二章-语用学语用学五、语用学重点把握:1. 言语行为理论2. Searle对言外行为的划分3. 直接言语行为和间接言语行为4. 合作原则与四大准则5. 会话含义理论6. 会话含义的特征 一、概念By Austin1. Constatives 叙事句Constatives are descriptions of what the speaker is doing at the moment of speaking. For example, I pour some liquid into the tube.2. Performatives 施为句Performatives：If the uttering of the sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action, the sentences are called Performatives. For example, I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth.二、A Theory of the Illocutionary Act 言语行为理论By Austin1. locutionary act 言内行为The act of uttering words, phrases, clauses.如：今天有台风2. illocutionary act 言外行为The act of expressing the speakers intention.3. perlocutionary act 取效行为The effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence. 三、Searles Classification of Illocutionary Act 三、Searles Classification of Illocutionary Act 四、Direct speech act & Indirect speech act1. Direct speech act: Whenever there is a direct relationship between a structure and a function, we have a direct speech act.Where is the way out? interrogative The door is there. declarative 2. Indirect speech act: one illocutionary act is porformed indirectly by way of performing another.五、合作原则及四大准则1. The co-operative principle The co-operative principle, proposed and formulated by P. Grice, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate. And this principle is known as the COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE, or CP for short. It includes four maxims. 2. 四大准则1) the maxim of quality Try to make your contribution one that is true.Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 让你在会话中提供的信息是真实（准确）的。不要说你认为错的信息。不要提供你缺乏足够证据的信息。2) the maxim of quantity Make your contribution as informative as required Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.在会话中贡献所需要的信息量不要提供多于需要的信息。3) the maxim of relation Make your contribution relevant. 让你所贡献的信息和会话是有关联的4) the maxim of manner Be prespicious and specific. 清楚，明确(1) Avoid obscurity of expression. 避免晦涩表达(2) Avoid ambiguity 避免歧义(3)Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) 简洁（避免不必要的罗嗦）(4) Be orderly. 有序六、Conversational implicature It means the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speakers knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.七、 Violation of four maxims 准则的违背1. Violation of quality E.g. Paul is made of iron. (metaphor)Paul是个铁人。（Paul身上有特质如铁一般）2. Violation of quantity tautologyE.g. War is war. Children are children 3) Violation of relation -How do you like my painting?-I dont have an eye for beauty, Im afraidI dont like it at all 你喜欢我的画吗？ 我不会鉴赏美。 4) Violation of manner Father： Lets get something for the kids， shall we?Mother： OK，but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.八、Characteristics of implicature 含义的特征1. Calculability Implicatures are calculable. They can be worked out on the basis of some previous information.会话含义可以根据已知信息被推导出来。2. Cancellability /defeasibility The process of a conversational implicature relies on a number of factors，if any of them changes, the implicature will also change.可取消性也被称为可废除性。 例如：a. John has three cows. (约翰有三头奶牛)b. John has only three cows. (约翰只有三头奶牛)c. John has three cows, if not more. (约翰有三头奶牛，如果不是更多)d. John has at least three cows. (约翰至少有三头奶牛)b的含义取消。3. Non-detachability An implicature will not be detached, separated from the utterance as a whole, even though the specific words may be changed. 即使改变话语的具体词语，会话含义也不会因此从整个话语中分离出来。例如：A: What did you think of the lecture?B: Well, I thought the lecture hall was big. believed large，great 4. Non-conventionality Conversational implicature is by definition different from the conventional meaning of words. It is indeterminate and it varies with context. 会话含义不是字面意义，它是通过字面意义，结合语境推导出来的。 5. Indeterminacy会话含义的推导随语境的不同可以有无数个，因而会话含义是不确定的。 例如：“John is a machine.” 在不同的语境中可以表达“约翰是冷酷的”、“约翰是能干的”或“约翰不会动脑子”等会话含义。【题海实战】 1. What maxim is violated in the sentence every nice girl loves a sailor.A. The maxim of quantityB. The maxim of qualityC. The maxim of relationD. The maxim of manner网校答案：B2. What maxim is violated in the following example:-A: What do you think of Mary? -B: She is beautiful and kind. She loves Tom very much.A. The maxim of quantityB. The maxim of qualityC. The maxim of relationD. The maxim of manner网校答案：A3. In most circumstances, the assumption of cooperation is so pervasive that it can be stated as a cooperative principle of conversation and elaborated in maxims below except _. A. manner maximB. quality maximC. quantity maximD. agreement maxim网校答案：D4. What maxim is flouted in such extreme example of tautologies as “Boys are boys”, and “Lies are lies”? A. The maxim of quantityB. The maxim of qualityC. The maxim of relevanceD. The maxim of manner网校答案：A5.When any of the maxims under the Cooperative Principle is flouted on purpose,（ ）might arise.A. ambiguous structureB. contradictory propositionC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicature网校答案：D6. The conversational implicature of “John is a machine” as a response to “what do you think of John” is context-bound. It possesses all the following distinguishing properties but _. A. non-detachability B. calculability C. conventionality D. defeasibility 网校答案：C7. The following conversation clearly violates the_. A: How do you finally go to school? B: The bus is so fast so I got to school very early. A Maxim of Quantity B Maxim of Relation C Maxim of Quality D M