义务教育（完成）-en.doc

中国义务教育市场机会研究报告Research report on Chinese compulsory education market opportunities1) Government policy to Chinese compulsory education1986年4月通过的中华人民共和国义务教育法，对中国的义务教育发展做出了明确的规定。其主要内容可以概括为如下七个方面：（1）当前中国实行九年制义务教育，凡年满六周岁的儿童，不分性别、民族、种族，应当入学接受规定年限的义务教育，条件不具备的地区，可以推迟到七周岁入学。（2）中国的义务教育可以分为初等教育和初级中等教育两个阶段，在普及初等教育的基础上普及初级中等教育，初等教育和初级中等教育的学制，由中国教育部制定。 approved in April 1986 made explicit regulations for Chinese compulsory education development. Its main contents can be summarized as follows: (1)At present, China practices the nine-year compulsory education system, any child is six full years, disregard sex, nationality, race, should enter school to accept the compulsory education. In regions which lack conditions, child can remit to seven full years old to enter school. (2)The compulsory education of China can be divided into primary education and junior secondary education. On the base of popularization of primary education, is to popularize the junior secondary education. The education system of the primary education and junior secondary education is constituted Chinese Ministry of Education. （3）义务教育事业，在国务院领导下，实行地方负责，分级管理。教育部根据社会主义现代化建设的需要和儿童、少年身心发展的状况，确定义务教育的教学制度、教学内容、课程设置，审订教科书。地方各级政府设置小学、初级中等学校，使儿童、少年就近入学。地方各级政府为盲、聋哑和弱智的儿童、少年举办特殊教育学校（班）。（4）国家鼓励企业、事业单位和其他社会力量，在当地政府统一管理下，按照国家规定的基本要求，举办本法规定的各类学校。 (3) Under the guidance of State Department, Compulsory education undertaking practices local governments taking responsibilities and implementing classification management. The Ministry of Education constitutes the teaching regulations, teaching contents, examine and revise textbooks according to the requirements of socialism modernization construction and the mental and physical development of enfant and juveniles. All levels local government established Primary school and junior secondary school, the policy requires that enfant and juveniles are enrolled in nearest schools. And local government also establish special education school (class) for the blind, deaf and dumb as well as weak-minded child.(4) The nation encourages enterprise, business unit and other social supports to establish various schools which is under the unification management and according to national prescriptive requirements.（5）实施义务教育所需事业费和基本建设投资，由国务院和地方各级政府负责筹措，予以保证；国家用于义务教育的财政拨款的增长比例一般高于财政经常性收入的增长比例，并使按在校学生人数平均的教育费用逐步增长。地方各级政府按照国务院的规定，在城乡征收教育事业费附加，主要用于实施义务教育。国家对经济困难地区实施义务教育的经费，予以补助。（6）国家鼓励各种社会力量以及个人自愿捐资助学。国家在师资、财政等方面，帮助少数民族地区实施义务教育。 (5)the required investment for carrying out compulsory education and basic construction is raised and assured by State Department and all levels government; The growth rate of nation finances appropriate funds is usually higher than that of finance regular incomes, and gradually increase the average educational expenditures according to school students numbers. The all levels local government according to the prescription of State Department collects education affixture tax in rural and urban areas mainly using for compulsory education. The nation gives subsidy of educational outlay to depressed areas. (6)The nation encourages various social power and individual to donate to aid poverty students. The nation is in the aspects of teachers and public finance to help national minority region implement compulsory education. （7）国家采取措施加强和发展师范教育，加速培养、培训师资，有计划地实现小学教师具有中等师范学校毕业以上水平，初级中等学校的教师具有高等师范专科学校毕业以上水平。国家建立教师资格考核制度，对合格教师颁发资格证书。师范院校毕业生须按照规定从事教育工作。国家鼓励教师长期从事教育事业。(7) Nation adopts measures to enhance and normal school education, accelerating cultivate and train the teachers, designedly realize primary teachers have above intermediate normal school education level; the teacher of junior high school have above higher normal college education level. Government establishes teacher qualification appraisal system and award qualification certificate to the qualified teachers. The normal college graduates must be engaged in education working basing on regulations. The nation encourages the teacher to be engaged in education undertakings over a long period of time.Moreover, according to the related agreements that China joins the WTO, the compulsory education does not promise to open to the outside world, which means that foreign organizations cannot develop compulsory education in China through the forms of joint-venture, cooperation or individual proprietorship.另外，根据中国加入世贸组织的相关协议，义务教育不承诺对外开放，这意味着未来国外机构不能通过合资、合作或独资的形式在中国开展义务教育。2) Development status of Chinese compulsory education经过十多年的发展，中国义务教育取得了巨大成就。在全球9个人口大国中，中国是第一个、也是唯一实现九年制义务教育的国家，其它8个国家的义务教育年份为5-8年。到2003年，中国实现“两基(基本普及九年义务教育、基本扫除青壮年文盲)”的地区人口覆盖率较以前有所提高，达到91.8%，实现“两基”验收的县（市、区）总数达到2659个（含其它县级行政区划单位181个），比2002年增加61个县（市、区）；12个省（直辖市）已按要求实现“两基”。Through more than ten years development, the Chinese compulsory education obtained the huge achievements. China is one of nine countries with large populations in the world, and it is also the first and the only one nation that carries out the nine- year compulsory education system among these countries. The year limit of compulsory education in other 8 countries is 5-8 years. By 2003, the population overlays rate of the region realizing “Basically popularizing nine-year-compulsory education and basically cleaning off juvenile illiteracy (Two B)” improved, which achieves 91.8%, the county(city, district) amount that realized “Two B is up to 2659(including 181 county level district units, 61 counties (City, district) more than in 2002; 12 provinces( direct jurisdiction city) have already realized Two B” according to the request. 到2004年底，全国普及九年义务教育地区人口覆盖率已达到93.6%，比上一年提高了1.8个百分点。随着义务教育普及，中国初等教育和初级中等教育获得了巨大的发展，1986年到2003年，小学学龄儿童升学率由69.5%上升到97.9%，提高了28.4个百分点。2004年小学毕业生升学率达到98.1%，比2003年提高0.2个百分点；1986年到2003年，初中毕业生的升学率从40.6%上升到59.6%，提高了19个百分点，2004年初中毕业生升学率则达到61.7%，比上年提高2.1个百分点。总体来看，自从1986年义务教育法颁布实施以来，我国接受义务教育的质量与学生数量均取得了快速的发展，这一方面反映了党和政府对义务教育工作的重视，另一方面也反映了我国在从社会主义计划经济体制向市场经济体制转型的过程中，人们的教育思想与教育观念均有以往有了显著的改变。By the end of 2004, the population overlay rate in the whole country of popularizing the nine-year compulsory has already been up to 93.6%, comparing to one year before, it raised 1.8 percentages. Along with the popularization of compulsory education, Chinese primary education and the junior secondary education acquire enormous development. From 1986 to 2003, the primary school age children enrollment rate rose from 69.5% to 97.9%, it increased 28.4 percentages. The primary school graduates enrollment rate was up to 98.1% in 2004, it rose 0.2 percentage comparing in 2003; From 1986 to 2003, the junior high school graduates enrollment rate rose to 59.6% from 40.6%, raising 19 percentages, the graduates enrollment rate of junior high school was 61.7% at the beginning of 2004, 2.1 percentage raised comparing to that of 2003. In general, since the compulsory education law promulgated and implemented in 1986, national compulsory education quantity and students quantities has rapidly developed, which on the hand reflects the party and governments pay more attention to compulsory education work, on the other hand, it also reflects that our country is in the process of transforming from the socialism planned economy system toward market economy system, the peoples education ideas and conceptions shows remarkable changes than before.附表 1978-2004年中国义务教育发展状况 Table 1 Development situation of China compulsory education from 1978 to 2004年份Year 初中毕业生Junior high school graduates 小学毕业生Primary school graduates 学龄前Pre- school age childQuantities （10,000）Enrollment rate（%）Quantities （10,000）Enrollment rate（%）Quantities （10,000）Enrollment rate（%）19781692.640.92287.987.712131.395.51980964.745.92053.375.912219.693.91895998.341.71999.968.410362.396.019861057.040.62016.169.510067.596.419901109.140.61863.174.69740.797.819951244.348.31961.590.812375.498.520001633.551.12419.294.912445.399.120011731.552.92396.995.511766.498.320021879.958.32351.997.011310.498.620031995.659.62267.997.910908.399.4200461.798.1【资料来源：中国统计年鉴（2004），中国统计出版社，北京】【Data Source：China statistics yearbook（2004） China statistics publishing Co.，Beijing】义务教育的发展极大地改善了农村教育落后状况，农村人口受教育的机会不断增加。人口普查资料显示，全国每10万人口拥有小学和初中文化程度的人口数量，1982年到1990年增加了7255人，1990年到2003年增加了7261人。其中，1990年到2003年拥有小学和初中文化程度人口数量增加主要来自农村义务教育的发展。1990年到2003年，农村每10万人口拥有小学和初中文化程度的人口数量增加了12037人，比城市多出19110人。The development of compulsory education significantly improves the situation of education undeveloped rural areas, the opportunity of rural population to obtain education is increasing continuously. The census data shows that, nationwide population quantity of each 10,000 people in procession of primary and junior secondary education levels, increased 7255 people from 1982 to 1990 and increased 7261 people from 1990 to 2003 respectively. Hereinto, from 1990 to 2003, the population quantity of having primary and junior high school education raised mainly due to the development of the rural compulsory education. During these years, the rural population quality of owning primary and junior high school educational levels raised 12037 people, 19110 people more than urban areas. 农村义务教育发展迅速地减少了农村文盲率，缩小了城乡教育差距，促进了教育的公平性。1982年到2003年，农村15岁及其以上人口文盲率从37.74%下降到8.55%，下降了29个百分点，农村文盲率下降幅度约是城市文盲率下降幅度的3.3倍。由此来看，农村义务教育近年来的发展速度是在不断加快的，大大改变了1986年以前农村义务教育发展乏力、重视程度不够的状况，使中国农村人口的整体文化素质明显提高。The rural compulsory education development speedily reduced the rural illiteracy rate, and shortened the gap between urban and rural education, also promoted the justice of education. From 1982 to 2003, in rural areas, 15 years old and above population illiteracy rates descended to 8.55% from 37.74%, descended 29 percentage, the decreased illiteracy rate range in rural areas is 3.3 times of that in urban areas. Therefore, the development of rural compulsory education in recent years is swiftly, the situation that rural education development is tired and recognition degree is not enough is changed significantly, which obviously improved the whole educational diathesis of population in China rural areas.附表 1982-2003年每10万人拥有的各种受教育程度人口数量和文盲率Table 2 the population quantities provided with various education levels in each 10,000 people and illiteracy rate from 1982 to 2003NationwideUrban areasRural areas198219902003198219902003198219902003每10万人中拥有的受教育程度人口数量(人)The population quantities provided with various education levels in each 10,000 peoplePrimary School35396370573170126582195464092638558Junior high school17750233443596130344373422079735202Senior high school6627803912146180772208343576302Above college education6011422461148599769164148415岁及以上人口文盲率illiteracy rate of 15 years old and above %33.1422.216.0817.6311.973.2237.7426.238.55【资料来源：2004年人口普查资料（2004），中国统计出版社，北京】【Data Source：2004 census data （2004），China statistics publishing Co，Beijing】3) Development trend of Chinese compulsory education展望中国未来义务教育的发展趋势，将体现出如下四大主要特征：Prospect the future development of China compulsory education, fore main characteristics will present:第一、中国开展义务教育的学校数量近年来一直逐年递减。2000年中国开展义务教育的学校（包括小学与初中）为61.65万所，到2002年迅速下降至52.16万所，到2004年则下降为45.6万所，基本以每年4万所的速度递减，预计2005年以后的3-5年，义务教育的学校数量会继续减少，但递减速度会有所放缓，到2010年以后可能保持大致稳定。Firstly, the school numbers of carrying out compulsory education in China is decreasing yearly. There are about 616,500 schools practicing compulsory education (including primary and junior high school education) in China in 2000, it rapidly decreased to 521,600 in 2002, and it reached 456,000 by 2004. It descended about 40,000 every year averagely. It could predict that 3-5years after 2005, the school number of compulsory education will continuingly reduce, but the reduce speed will slower and after 2010 this number will keep relatively stable. 第二、义务教育的招生人数也逐年下降。2000年中国义务教育的招生人数（包括小学与初中）为4209.77万人，2001与2002年大致维持4200万的招生规模，但从2003年开始，义务教育的招生人数开始减少，2003年为4024.7万，到2004年则减少为3569.72万人，预计2005年以后的3-5年，义务教育的招生人数会以每年150万人的速度继续减少，到2010年以后可能保持大致稳定。Secondly, the recruitment number of compulsory education is descending yearly. The recruitment number of China compulsory education (including primary and junior high school) is 42,097,700 in 2000; it keeps recruitment scope with about 42,000,000 students in both 2001 and 2002. Since 2003, the recruit number of compulsory education has gradually decreased. In 2003, the number was 40,247,000, in 2004, it decreased to 35,697,200. It predict that the recruit number of compulsory education will reduce with the speed of 150,000 every year in 3-5 years after 2005, and then it will maintain relatively stable after 2010. 第三、中国义务教育的毕业生数量逐年递增。2000年中国义务教育毕业学生数（包括小学与初中）为4026.27万人，到2002年迅速上升至4231.79万人，到2004年则上升为4341.79万人，基本以每年80万人的速度增加，预计2005年以后的3-5年，义务教育的毕业生数量会继续递增，但递增速度会有所放缓，2010以后可能保持大致稳定。Thirdly, the graduate number of Chinese compulsory education is increasing annually. The graduate number of compulsory education (including primary school and junior high school) is 40,262,700; it rapidly rose to 42,317,900 in 2002 and reached 43,417,900 in 2004 respectively. It increases with the speed of 800,000 every year, it predicts that graduates of compulsory education will continuingly increase during 3-5 years after 2005, and it will keep relatively constant after 2010.第四、中国义务教育的教职工数量近来出现大幅波动。2003年以前，义务教育的教职工人数每年呈现递增趋势，例如，2000年为967.35万人，2001年增加至972.81万人，2002达到过去5年以来的最高值，总教职工数达到977.05万人。进入2003年，教职工数开始显著下降，总人数为972.29万人，比2002年减少5万人，2004年为970.95万人，比2003年减少2万人，预计2005年以后的3-5年，义务教育的教职工数会以每年1万人的速度继续减少，到2010年以后可能保持大致稳定。Fourthly, the faulty number of China compulsory education is fluctuate enormously recently. Before 2003, the faulty number of compulsory education present increases trend yearly, for instance, the number was about 9,673,500 in 2000 and up to 9,728,100 in 2001, in 2002 it reaches the tiptop in past 5 years, the amount reached 9,770,500. Entering 2003, the faulty number decreased dramatically, amount number is about 9,722,900, 50,000 people less than in 2002, and the number is 9,709,500 in 2004, 20,000 less than 2003. It predicts that in 3-5 years after 2005, the faculty number of compulsory education will decrease continuingly 10,000 per year, it may keep stable after 2010. 总体而言，中国义务教育市场未来的发展呈现总体规模缩减的趋势。计划生育政策的推行、中国人口老龄化趋势的明显以及应试教育向素质教育转型都是导致这一趋势的直接原因。从市场机会的角度来看，首先，中国的义务教育本身具有“强制性”的特征，学龄儿童与青少年没有自主选择是否接受教育的权利，不同区域、不同学校通过“市场”手段扩大学生规模的可能性不大，市场规模的大小完全取决于中国需要接受义务教育的学生群体的人口基数的发展。其次，中国加入世贸组织的相关协议并没有承诺对义务教育市场的开放，这意味着国外教育机构未来进入中国义务教育市场的可能是不大的。第三，义务教育是一个“政府高度干预”的市场，竞争的自由度很小，其它机构通过各种方式进入义务教育市场或现有学校在招生工作上通过不同市场营销策略来提高市场占有率的空间都是十分有限的。 In general, the future development of Chinese compulsory education market will present decreasing trend. The implementation of one child policy and population aging as well as the transform from examine-orientation to quality education, these all direct reasons result in this trend. On the aspect of ma