明德学院2011药理学A卷.doc

明德学院2012-2013学年第一学期考试试卷 B 药理学注意事项：1. 请考生按要求在试卷装订线内填写姓名、学号和年级专业。2. 请仔细阅读各种题目的回答要求，在规定的位置填写答案。3. 允许使用英汉词典或电子、手机词典、书籍、笔记。4. 满分100分，考试时间为120分钟。题 号一二三四五六总 分统分人得 分得 分评分人一、单项选择题（共20分，每小题4分）1. Which route of drug administration is used with potent and lipophilic drugs in a patch formulation and avoids first-pass metabolism?(A) topical (B) sublingual (C) rectal (D) oral (E) transdermal2. Which one of the following routes of administration does not have an absorption phase?(A) subcutaneous (B) intramuscular (C) intravenous (D) sublingual (E) inhalation3. Which of the following correctly describes the intramuscular route of parenteral drug administration?(A) drug absorption is erratic and unpredictable(B) used to administer drug suspensions that are slowly absorbed(C) bypasses the process of drug absorption to give an immediate effect(D) cannot be used for drugs that undergo a high degree of fi rst-pass metabolism(E) poses more risks than intravenous administration4. An elderly patient has problems remembering to take her medication three times a day. Which one of the drug formulations might be particularly useful in this case?(A) extended-release (B) suspension (C) suppository (D) skin-patch(E) enteric-coated5. Which form of a drug name is most likely known by patients from exposure to drug advertisements? (A) nonproprietary name (B) British Approved Name(C) chemical name (D) generic name (E) proprietary name得 分评分人二、多项选择题（20分，至少有1个以上正确选项）1 Type of chemical force or bond that may drive the interaction between lipophilic drugs and biological membrane lipids:A) covalent B) electrostatic C) hydrophobic2 Example(s) of a covalent drug-receptor interaction:A) receptor-activated phenoxybenzamine B) DNA-anticancer alkylating agentC) both D) neither3 Saturable transport systems:A) passive diffusion B) aqueous diffusion C) lipid diffusionD) active transport - carrier mediated E) facilitated diffusion - carrier mediated4. Factors that influence the passive movement of drugs down a concentration gradient:A) drug concentration differences on either side of the barrier (e.g. membrane)B) thickness of the diffusion pathwayC) mobility of the drug molecule in the medium of the diffusion path (permeability)5. A weak base drug has a pKa of 6.5. If the pH of the medium is 7.5, the drug isA) mainly neutral B) mainly positively charged得 分评分人三、填空题(20分，每小题4分)1. An agent that blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses is known as an_。2. _ is the process in which the drug passes into body fluids and tissues.3. An _ is an unfavorable or harmful unintended action of a drug.4. Substances that prevent or inhibit the growth of microorganisms are known as_.5. In order to interact chemically with its_, a drug molecule must have the appropriate size, electrical charge, shape, and atomic composition.得 分评分人四、简答题（20分，每小题10分,可用英文或中文答题）1. Blood flow and the extraction ratio will determine a drugs clearance. Propranolol is a drug that is eliminated exclusively by hepatic metabolism. The extraction ratio for propranolol is greater than 0.9, so most of the drug presented to the liver is removed by one pass through the liver. Therefore, clearance is approximately equal to liver blood flow (Cl =QE: whenE1.0, Cl Q). One indication of the high extraction ratio is the relatively high oral dose of propranolol compared with the intravenous dose; an oral dose is 1020 times the equivalent intravenous dose. Why patient should take such a high dose of propranolol by oral administration?2. Most drugs are eliminated by a first-order process, and the concept of first-order elimination must be understood. With first-order elimination, the amount of drug eliminated in a set amount of time is directly proportional to the amount of drug in the body. The amount of drug eliminated over a certain time period increases as the amount of drug in the body increases; likewise, the amount of drug eliminated per unit of time decreases as the amount of drug in the body decreases. This concept is different from zero-order elimination, in which the amount of drug eliminated for each time interval is constant, regardless of the amount of drug in the body. There are two figures (Fig.1 and Fig.2). Which one shows the first-order elimination? Why? Figure 1 Figure 2得 分评分人五、翻译（20分，每小题10分）1. 英译汉：翻译划线的句子.Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends primarily on synthetic processes of the host cell. Consequently, to be effective, antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell. As a corollary, nonselective inhibitors of virus replication may interfere with host cell function and produce toxicity. The search for chemicals that inhibit virus-specific functions is currently one of the most active areas of pharmacologic investigation.Research in antiviral chemotherapy began in the early 1950s, when the search for anticancer drugs generated several new compounds capable of inhibiting viral DNA synthesis. The two first generation antivirals, 5-iododeoxyuridine and trifluorothymidine, had poor specificity (ie, they inhibited host cellular as well as viral DNA) that rendered them too toxic for systemic use. However, both are effective when used topically for the treatment of herpes keratitis. Recent research has focused on the identification of agents with greater selectivity, in vivo stability, and lack of toxicity. Selective antiretroviral agents that inhibit a critical HIV-1 enzyme such as reverse transcriptase or the protease required for final packaging of the virus particle have become available. In many viral infections, replication of the virus peaks at or before the manifestation of clinical symptoms. Optimal clinical efficacy in many viral illnesses therefore depends either on early initiation of therapy (eg, acyclovir for treatment of varicella or zoster infection) or on prevention of infection (eg, chemoprophylaxis against influenza A using a neuraminidase inhibitor or amantadine). Alternatively, potent inhibition of viral replication may be of clinical benefit in chronic illnesses such as HIV infection or viral hepatitis. Viral replication consists of several steps: (1) adsorption to and penetration into susceptible host cells; (2) uncoating of viral nucleic acid; (3) synthesis of early regulatory proteins, eg, n