2013春季课程 外研版英语初三下模块二知识点讲解.doc

2013春季课程 课题初三下Module2 Education课次教学目标知识目标：掌握本模块的四会单词、短语、句型以及语法代词的使用能力目标：学会用所学知识点灵活解题情感目标：通过对比了解其他国家的教育制度以及其他国家学生的学校生活教学策略1. 通过词语辨析让学生掌握易混淆的词汇2. 采用讲练结合法复习该课次的语法重点代词3. 通过真题再现让学生熟悉中考考点及应试技巧1、 教学温故：1. 名词的用法2. 条件状语从句二、新知探究：话题教育功能学会用英语描述学校生活，围绕“教育”展开话题。语言目标词汇geography, athletics, present, absent, fortunately,involve，drug, speech.短语neither.nor, either.or.重点语法代词的用法本模块各单元重点：Unit1It is/was +adj.+(for sb.)to do sth.形容词修饰不定代词while引导时间状语从句Whats it like?as.asneither的用法bet的用法even betteranyway的用法Unit2条件状语从句present/absent的用法last的用法another/ more的用法部分否定mean的用法as well as的用法least的用法Unit3expect to do sth.“疑问词+不定式”结构及用法mind的用法in addition/ choose的用法offerIt is estimated that介词短语作后置定语辨析：alone/ lonely辨析receive/accept2、 语法详解 1It was great to see her again. 再次见到她真是太好了。在It is.to do sth.的句式中，动词不定式作主语。其中，it为形式主语，动词不定式为真正主语，作表语的可以是形容词也可以是名词。Eg: It is a good idea to bring your camera.拓展：It 作形式宾语的情况。 2. Did you do anything interesting while you were there? 你在那里时做了一些有趣的事情吗？ Anything interesting意为“一些有趣的事情”。不定代词与形容词的关系：当形容词修饰不定代词时，要放在不定代词的后面。如：somewhere relaxing3. It isnt as big as ours. 它没有我们学校那么大。 考点：as.as 与.一样 否定：not as(so).as 与.不一样 名词性物主代词的用法4. Ive been at Park School, London since I was 11. 自从11岁，我就在伦敦的帕克学校。 下列表示瞬间动作的词用于现在完成时的时候，不能与表示一段时间的状语since, for, how long等连用： open, buy, borrow, come, finish, die, become, join, go, fall, start, begin, arrive, leave, lose, catch a cold等。那只狗已经死了两个月了。The dog died two months ago. （正确）The dog has died for two months. （错误）The dog has been dead for two months. （正确）The dog has been dead since two months ago. （正确）It is two months since the dog died. （正确）5. We spend the first 10 minutes in our classroom while our teacher checks which pupils are present or absent. 我们前10分支箱在教室等老师清查学生的缺席情况。考点表示花费的几种英语表达： spend, cost, take, pay 注意其主语的不一致及其结构 present 在句中作形容词，意为“出席的，到场的”，通常作表语，也可作后置定语。 How many people were present at the meeting ? 多少人出席了会议？ absent 在句中作形容词，意为“缺席，不在” to be absent from work/school/ a meeting 缺勤/ 缺课/ 未出席会议6. Then everyone goes to the main hall. 然后每个人都到大厅去。 Everyone 意为“每人，人人”，同义词为everybody, 只是everybody更口语化。 注意：不定代词everyone, everything, anyone,nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Eg: Everyone is here. 每个人都到了。 拓展： 辨析 everyone 与 every one Everyone 只能指人，意为“每人，人人” Every one 既可指人， 也可指物。二者作主语时，谓语动词都用单数形式。注意：在表示某种范围内的“每个人”时，everyone 后通常接“in +集体名词”， 而every one 则接“of +具体名词或代词（复数）”Eg: Every one of us likes swimming. 7. PHSE is about the changes of drugs and smoking, among other things. 个人健康与安全教育宣讲毒品和吸烟的危害性，以及其他一些内容。 among other things 指在众多人或物中只提到一两个，表示“包括”。Eg: At the meetings they discussed, among other things, recent events in Asia.在会议上除了其他议题外，他们还讨论了亚洲最近发生的事件。8. I didnt expect to do well in either maths or geography,. 我没期望数学和地理中的任何一科会考好。 expect to do sth. 表示“” expect sb. to do sth. 表示“预计某人做某事”9. All students take PHSE lessons but no exams are offered. 所有的学生都选修个人健康与安全教育课，但不必参加考试。offer( v. ) 拿出，给予，奉献 offer to do sth. 主动提出要做某事Eg: He offered to help me with my English. 他主动提出帮我学英语。 offer 可作名词，意为“提供，提议”。Eg: The hospital made an offer of help to the sick. 这家医院为患者提供帮助。辨析offer/ provide/ supplyoffer sb sth.=offer sth to vide sb. with sth. =provide sth. for sb.supply sb. with sth. =supply sth. to sb.10. .none of them can tell us what to do. 他们没有一个人能告诉我们该做些什么。 句中运用了“疑问词+不定式”结构。它可以在句中作宾语、主语和表语，常转换成一个由该疑问词引导的从句。Eg: I dont know what to do next. = I dont know what I should do next. 我不知道下一步该做什么。（作宾语）When to start hasnt been decided. (作主语)The question is where to go. (作表语)3、 典题赏析1. -Do you know Tsering Danzhou, a Tibetan ten-year-old boy in Yushu? -Yes. He the people his great help as a translator after the earthquake. A.provided B. supported C. offered D. Afforded解析：本题考查动词词义辨析及搭配用法（见语法讲解部分）。2. The twins were very tired,but of them stopped to have a rest. A.both B. neither C. either D. all解析：本题考查不定代词的用法。3. We will have no water to drink we dont protect the earth. A.until B. before C. though D.if解析：本题考查连词的用法。题意：如果我们不保护地球，我们将无水饮用。基础巩固一、根据句意，补全已给出首字母的单词1.-Hello,class! Is everyone p_ today? -No, Lin Tao is ill so he is a_.2.PE lesson stands for p_ education.3.F_(幸运地)，we dont have exams in every subject.4. We have a large sports ground where we play football ,tennis and do a_(田径运动).5.Which subject do you like most?-B_ and G_.They are really interesting and useful.2、 翻译下列短语1 考试及格_2 中学_ 3 小学_4 缺席_ 5.作演讲_6 课间休息_7 一次家长会_8 运动节_9 课外活动_ 10 参加考试_11 科学实验室_12 语言社团_三、测测判断力( )1._ the twins enjoyed _ at the party yesterday. A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves( )2.Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?-_, thanks. Id like just a cup of water. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None( )3.Would you like _ milk in your tea?-Yes, just _. A. any; little B. some; a little C. much; a few D. a little; some( )4. The farmer is very busy because hes so _ sheep to keep and so _ work to do every day. A. much; many B. many; much C. many; a lot D. a lot; much( )5.On _ side of the river therere many tall trees. A. every B. all C. both D. each( )6.Is there _ in todays newspaper? A. something important B. important anything C. anything important D. important everything( )7. We study Chinese, English and some _ subjects. A. the other B. other C. others D. another( )8.The film is not interesting. _ like it. A. Little B. A little C. Few D. A few( )9.All of them have gone out. There is _ in the classroom. A. somebody B. anyone C. everybody D. nobody( )10. Of the three foreigners, one is from London, _are from the USA. A. two others B. the other two C. another two D. the both( )11 The days in winter are shorter than _ in summer. A. that B. one C. those D. these( )12 Betty and John have come back, but _ students in the class arent here yet. A. the other B. others C. another D. the others( )13. I have bought a new watch because my old _ doesnt work. A. it B. one C. that D. this( )14. _ of us has read the story. A. Some B. Both C. All D. None( )15. The pen is _. She wrote _ name with it _. A. hers; her; herself B. her; hers; her C. her; hers; herself D. her; herself; hers四、完形填空。Mr Smith lives in the small village, but he works in an office in a big city. He goes to work by train every morning and comes _1_ the same way. One morning while he was _2_ his newspaper on the train, a man _3_ him came up to him. Mr Smith had not met him before. The man said,“ _4_ ” to him and then _5_ to talk to him. The man said, “Your _6_ isnt interesting, is it? You got on the same train at the same station at the same time _7_ morning and you always sit in the same seat and read the same newspaper.” When Mr Smith _8_ this, he put his newspaper down, turned around and _9_ to the man angrily, “How do you know all that about me?” “Because Im _10_ sitting in the same seat behind you,” the man answered. ( )1. A. family B. house C. village D. home ( )2. A. Seeing B. look C. reading D. finding ( )3. A. before B. behind C. beside D. next to ( )4. A. Sorry B. Thanks C. Hello D. Goodbye ( )5. A. refused B. stopped C. ordered D. began ( )6. A. life B. work C. office D. child ( )7. A. one B. every C. this D. yesterday ( )8. A. heard B. listened C. found D. felt ( )9. A. asked B. said C. told D. talked ( )10. A. never B. hardly C. always D. sometimes 语法专题代词 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。一、人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：数单数 复数格主格 宾格 主格宾格 第一人称 Ime weus第二人称youyouyouyou he himthey them 第三人称sheherthey them it it they them 二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称 第一第二第三第一第二第三人称 人称 人称人称人称人称形容词性myyourhis/her its our your/their名词性 mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs三、 指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。如： That is a good idea.那是个好主意。四、 表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为反身代词。如： She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。如： They love each other.他们彼此相爱。六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。如：- Do you have a car? -你有一辆小汽车吗？- Yes，I have one.-是的，我有一辆。- I dont know any of them. 他们，我一个也不认识。七、 疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）如：Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。8、 关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。 如： He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。疑点解惑：代词的指代问题 1. 1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。 Nobody came, did he?谁也没来，是吗?2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。 Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。2. 并列人称代词的排列顺序 1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：2,3,1 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称you he/she;it - I You, he and I should return on time.2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：1,2,3 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称weyou They注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。a. 在承认错误，承担责任时， It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。双重所有格 物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。公式为： a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如： a friend of mine. each brother of his. 不定代词every , no, all, both, neither, nor 1）不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。2） 不定代词的功能与用法 a.除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。I have no idea about it. b.all 都，指三者以上。all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。All goes well. 一切进展得很好。all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。 但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the wa3) both都，指两者。 a.both 与复数动词连用，但 both and可与单数名词连用 b.both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。Who can speak Japanese?We both (all) can.4)neither两者都不 a.neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。 c.可用于下列句型，避免重复。She cant sing，neither (can) he. neither 与nor d.如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。If you dont do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。 e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。 He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.none, few, some, any, one, ones 1)、 none 无 1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。 Are there any pictures on the wall?None. 2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。 It is none of your business.2)、few 一些，少数 few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。3)、some 一些 1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。 2) 当做某一解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain） You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。注意：(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中: a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。 Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：Would you like some coffee? b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：If you need some help，let me know. c. some位于主语部分,Some students havent been there before. d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。4)、any 一些 1)any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。5)、one, ones 为复数形式 ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不 用ones。Have you bought any rulers?Yes，I ve bought some.代词比较辩异 one，that 和it one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。 one/another/the otherone the other只有两个some the others 有三个以上one another，anothersome others，othersothers = other people/thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部1) 泛指另一个用another。 2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。“the”的妙用 He is one of the students who help me. He is the one of the students who helps me. 他是帮我的学生之一 第一句定语从句与the students 一致。 第二句定语从句与the one 一致 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each 1anyone 和 any one anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。2no one 和nonea) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。- Did any one call me up just now?-刚才有人打电话给我吗?- No one. -没有。3every 和each1)every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。 Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。 Each student may have one book.每个学生都可有一本书。2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。3)every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。 Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.4)every不可以作状语，each可作状语。5)every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。6)every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。both, either, neither, all, any, none 这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后，行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。1)both (两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。2) both，either both与复数连用，either与单数连用。 Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。 Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。 All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。 I dont like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。 I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。All (of) the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。many, much Many，much都意为许多， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。 How many people are there at the meeting? How much time has we left?few, little, a few, a little (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点 few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。 He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time. 我