高三语法复习(九)- 时态和语态.doc

语法复习（九）动词的时态语态根据新课标，高考主要考查十二种动词时态：一般现在时，一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、一般将来完成时、过去将来完成时。现将前九种同学们比较容易弄错的时态、相关时态的区别以及动词的语态讲解如下。一、动词的时态1、 一般现在时的用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 Each year Beijing receives a large number of foreign visitors. 2) 客观真理，科学事实, 格言以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。【注意】：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也用一般现在时。 Columbus proved that the earth is round.3) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I play ping pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.【比较】：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况。一般现在时也可以表将来1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.但是一般现在时表将来的用法对以when或if等引导的名词性从句和定语从句不适用。I dont know if he will come. The question is when well start tomorrow. There will be a day when the people of the whole country will live a happy life. 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.5）一般现在时用在下列结构中表示将来 Make sure/Be sure/Make certain/See to it +that从句 Make sure all the windows are closed before you leave. Be sure you finish it today. See to it that the door is fastened before you go to bed.6)书报的标题，球赛，小说等的情况介绍常用一般现在时 The story is set in the spring of 2003.一般现在时用在下面的句型中可以代替现在完成时It is +（多久的时间）+ since It is five years since I moved here.=It has been five years since I moved here.2、一般过去时的用法1)表示过去的动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用，如yesterday, last week，two months ago, in 1978 等等。I know a little about Italy as my wife and I went there several years ago.(07全国卷)2)表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作,常用 used to + v或 would + v。He used to have two brothers.When he was free, he would go and help others.【注意】：used to 表示过去经常做某事，现在不再做；would只表示过去习惯做某事，与现在无关。3)谈到已死亡的人的情况或已发生的事情。My grandfather was very kind to us. Your phone number again? I didnt quite catch it. Its 9568442.4)在条件从句中，用一般过去时来表示虚拟的现在。 If Jack were here, he could tell us how to do it. 5）在下列句型中也常用一般过去时： It is time sb. did sth. 是时候该干什么了。 e. g It is time you went to bed. would rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事 e. g. Id rather you came tomorrow.Would you mind if sb did sth?I wish that sb did sth.6）在时间状语从句中，用一般过去时来表示过去将来时态。He said when he arrived in New York, he would call us. 7)在口语中，表意愿的动词mean，want，hope等的过去式相当于过去完成时had meant. had wanted，had hoped等。I meant to have gone to the concert, but I was busy.=I had meant to go to the concert , but I was busy. 8) wonder, think等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some.I wondered if you could help me.3、一般将来时的用法1）shall/will+do 表示意图或将要发生的动作或状态。shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 We shall visit a new school tomorrow. 2) be going to do表示事先有安排，有意图要发生的事情或表示在客观情况下（非主观打算）即将发生的动作。 I am going to write a book about China. Look! The clouds are gathering. Its going to rain.【比较】be going to / will的用法： 用于条件句时will表意愿。例如：Now if you will （表意愿）take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be going to表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表客观上将来势必发生的事情。 He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old. will强调说话时候即刻作出的决定。-Tom, were running out of sugar. -Ill buy some later today, dear.3) be to do表示按计划安排即将要发生的动作，尤其用于报刊、广播中宣布决定，语气较为正式。We are to gather at the school gate at eight tomorrow morning. The mayor is to make a New Year Speech on TV at 12:00.4) be about to do表示即刻要发生的将来动作，但不能与确定的时间状语连用，如at six oclock。【比较】be to和be going to 的用法：be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 4、现在完成时的用法1)常用来表示过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作，常与since/for引导的时间状语连用。 Danny has worked hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. (07福建卷)2)表示动作在过去发生或刚结束，但对现在产生影响，常与already，never, ever, so far, just，yet等连用。I got caught in the rain and my suit has been ruined.(07 北京卷)3）在时间状语、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来时，强调将来某动作必须比主句中谓语动词先完成。 Tom wont go out to play unless he has finished his homework. 4）记住常用现在完成时的句型： It /This is the first/second/third time that +sb. have /has done sth.It /This was the first/second/third time that +sb. had done sth.This (That / It) is the only + that 从句 + 现在完成时This (That / It) is the best / finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 现在完成时e.g. This is the first time that I have met him. 【注意】：*瞬间动作的肯定式一般不可与表示一段时间的状语一起用于现在完成时。而瞬间动词的否定式可以与表示一段时间状语一起用于现在完成时。He has come here for two days. He has not come here for two days. 现在完成时常与下列时间状语连用：already, notyet, lately, in recent years, since, for two years, during/in the past(last) few years, so far, up to/till nowIn the past twenty years, great changes have taken place in China.【注意】：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)【比较】一般过去时与现在完成时的用法：a.) 现在完成时: 强调目前的动作和状态. 一般过去时: 说明过去的和动作状态，与现在无关 e.g. “OW! I have burnt my finger.It hurts.” “How did you do that?” “I picked up a hot dish.”b.) 现在完成时用于提供新的信息,但若继续谈动作本身,要用过去时,因为动作发生在过去.e.g. Shakespeare wrote many plays. I once worked in Africa for three years.My sister is a writer. She has written many books.试一试1 - _ your father _(come) back? - Yes, he _(come) back yesterday. 2. This is the fourth time you _(be) late. 3. Jack grew a beard but now he _(shave) it off. 4. I did German at school but now I _(forget) most of it.5. I meant to phone Diane last night but I _ (forget). 6. - Your hair looks nice. _ you _ (have) a haircut? - Yes. - Who _ (cut ) it? _ you _(go) to the hairdressers?” - No, a friend of mine _ (do) it for me. 7. All the preparations for the task _ (complete), and were ready to start. 8. This is Teds photo. We miss him a lot. He _(kill) trying to save a child in the earthquake. Suggested answers:1.Has / come/ came 2.have been 3.has shaved 4.have forgotten 5. forgot 6.Have / had/ cut/ Did/go / did 7. have been completed 8.was killed 5、过去完成时的用法过去完成时是相对时态，必须在有“过去”参照时间的情况下使用。过去完成时可用以下三种方式表示“过去”的参照时间。1用介词短语by 1985，by the end of last year，before then，until (till) then，by then等。2以when，before，until（till），by the time（+过去时态）等引导的时间状语从句。3通过上下文，可以找到“过去状语”和“过去时动词”。主要用法：1）表示过去的一段时间内一直发生的事情或者已经完成的事情。e.g. -How long had they known each other before they got married?-For about a year. 2）表示一个动作发生在过去的另一动作之前。e.g, Jane had left her books at home, so she had to return home for them before the class. 3）常用在 hardly/scarcelywhen; no sooner ; than 的句型中 ，但也常用于由“by the end+过去时间”的句中。No sooner had he come in than the telephone rang, =He had no sooner come in than the telephone rang. 3)过去完成时有时可表示一个打算做而没做的事. 常用动词有: hope, think, plan, mean, want, expect .;相当于其过去式+ to have done.e.g. I had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but found it gone. =I hoped to have caught the 9:30 train, but found it gone. 【注意】：was/were + to have done 亦有类似用法 I was to have visited you last night, but I had an unexpected guest.【比较】过去完成时与一般过去时的用法：如果“过程”为强调的内容,即:表述动作先后用过去完成时.如果“动作”为强调的内容,即:表述动作何时,何地 用过去时.1.I felt very tired when I got home. So I _ (go) straight to bed. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody _(go) to bed. 2. We were driving along the road when we _(see) a car which_(break) down, so we _(stop) to see if we could help. 3. Ann _(not be ) at home when I phoned. She _(be) in London. Ann _just (get) home when I phoned. She _(be) in London. Suggested answers:1.went; had gone 2. saw; had broken; stopped; 3. wasnt, was; had (just) got; had been6、过去完成进行时的用法：表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的一个动作，这个动作可能还在进行，也可能已经停止。I was very tired when I arrived home because I had been working hard all day. 【比较】：现在完成时与现在完成进行时：现在完成时：强调动作结果。现在完成进行时：强调动作本身 e.g: Li has been typing letters the whole morning. Li has typed six letters today.试一试1.You _ (smoke) too much recently, you should smoke less. 2. My bike is going again now. Xiao Wang _ (repair) it. 3. “Why are Xiao Wangs hands so dirty?” “ He _ (repair) my bike.” 4. She _(read) a book now. She _(start) two hours ago. She _ (read) for two hours. She _(read) 45 pages so far. Suggested answers:1.have been smoking 2. has repaired 3. has been repairing4. is reading; started; has been reading ; has read7、现在完成进行时的用法：从过去某一时刻开始进行，并一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作可能仍然在进行 ，也可能已经停止，常翻译成“一直”。I hope the bus comes soon. I have been waiting here for twenty minutes .She has been studying Chinese since she was five years old. 8、现在进行时的用法1）表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 Whats that noise ?Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine is being tested. 2）表示现阶段正在进行，但说话时动作未必正在进行。Have you handed in your schoolwork yet?Yes, I have, I guess it is being graded now. (07辽宁卷)3）表示按计划或最近要发生的事情，含有将来意味，常用于这种情况的动词有：come, go ,leave, arrive, take ,meet, do 等I am leaving for Paris next week. He is coming to see you tomorrow morning. 4）与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩,如批评，厌倦，赞扬，羡慕等。You are always coming to school late . 【注意】：并非所有的动词都可以在进行时态中使用。常见的有：表示状态的词如seem, look, appear, belong to, own ,hold等。表示知道、信念、理解、推测、怀疑、希望等含义的动词如know, forget, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope, doubt.表示希望， 要求、心愿等意义的词， 如wish, want, need, desire 表示瞬间动作的词如accept, allow, admit, complete, decide, deny, determine 等表示衡量意义的词语，如measure, weight, value, cost等9、过去进行时的用法：1）表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。What were you doing this time yesterday?2）表示过去某阶段在进行的暂时性习惯动作。He is a doctor, but at that time he was working in a laboratory.3）表示过去将要发生的动作，但只限于一些表示起始和移动意义的动词。I had thought that he was coming to see me the next day, but he didnt. 4）表示过去打算实现，但没有实现的动作。I was coming, but my car broke down.5）表示刚才的情况。-Can you give me the right answer?-Sorry, I wasnt listening. Would you please repeat that question?6）描写故事的背景。One day, we were walking along a road when we saw a girl running quickly towards us.【注意】when表示时间点，其引导的从句常用一般过去时，而while表示时间段，所引导的句子常用过去进行时。When he left the house, I was sitting in the garden. While he was typing the letter, the telephone rang. 二、动词的语态使用注意点：l 主动形式表达被动含义在英语中有些动词可用主动语态的形式来表达被动的含义，概括起来有下列几种：1）、有些连系动词（连系动词通常没有被动形式）。句型：“主语（是后面系动词的逻辑宾语）+taste，sound，prove，feel等+形容词”。As time went on, Einsteins theory proved correct. 2）、一些与cant（不能）wont（wouldnt）（不会）连用的动词。句型：“主语（后面是不及物动词的逻辑宾语）+wont/wouldnt+lock，shut, open等”。Although I try hard, the door wont open. 3）、一些与well，easily，perfectly, badly等连用的不及物动词。句型：主语（后面是不及物动词的逻辑宾语）+sell，wash，clean，burn，cook等+well，easily，perfectly, badly等。The book sells well. /These clothes wash well. The poem reads smoothly. /The blue pen writes well. /Glass break easily. 4）、在need，require，want, deserve后的动名词须用主动形式。（或用不定式的被动式）。Your door needs repairing=Your door needs to be repaired. 5）、形容词worth后的动名词须用主动形式。The book is worth reading. =The book is worthy of being read/ The book is worthy to be read. 6）、在be+形容词+不定式结构中，不定式用主动形式。常见的词类形容词有：hard, difficult, easy, heavy, dangerous, pleasant, interesting, expensive, comfortable等。The composition is difficult to write. /John is easy to get along with. 7）、不定式to blame，to seek，to let等与be 动词连用时。The house is to let. (出租)/I felt I was to blame. l 被动形式表示主动意义。1）be seated, be located, be situated等表示空间位置，为主动意义。He was seated at the back of the court. The factory is located in the suburbs. 2）be devoted, be determined, be lost, be worried等表示专注，投入，为主动含义。As the child is lost in the story book, he almost ran into the car in front of him. =Lost in the story book , he almost ran into the car in front of him. 3）短语get used to , be born, be married, be graduated, be well informed about, be experienced, be prepared等已脱离被动含义，表示主动。He is graduated from a famous university. 【思维津要】：解答含有被动语态的题目时候，要做到“三问”。一问及物与否？即正确判断相关动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。不及物动词（词组）没有被动语态，如appear, die , disappear, fail ,happen, lie, remain, sit, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等。有些动词（词组）虽然是及物动词，但也没有被动语态，如fit, have, marry, wish, cost, arrive at/ in, succeed in, happen to, take part in, belong to 等。二问动名关系如何？即判定动词与名词（代词）在逻辑上是主谓关系还是动宾关系。The teacher made his speech easily understood. The teacher made himself understand her speech. 三问是否与非谓语结合？实际运用中，被动语态常与非谓语动词，时态等结合。解题时应纵观整句，缜密分析。The Olympic Games, first played in 776B.c, did not include women players until 1912. He came to the party without being invited. 另外，要注意情态动词、动词短语和连接词在被动语态中的运用。The work must be finished before lunch. The children are well looked after. He seldom says anything unless (he is) spoken to. 练习：1. Scientists think that the continents _ always where they _ today. A. arent; are B. arent; were C. werent; are D. werent; were2. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _ and see him.A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come3. -If the traffic hadnt been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 oclock. - What a pity! Tina _ here to see you.A. is B. was C. would be D. has been4. Hurry up ! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate . Oh ! I thought they _without me .A. went Bare going Chave gone Dhad gone5.Did you tell Julia about the result? Oh, no, I forgot. I _ her now. Awill be calling Bwill call Ccall Dam to call6. The coffee is wonderful ! It doesn t taste like anything I _ before . Awas having Bhad Chave ever had Dhad ever had7. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch. A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat8.Are you still busy?Yes, I _ my work, and it wont take long. Ajust finish Bam just finishing Chave just finished Dam just going to finish9. Whats wrong with your coat? Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me _ on it. A. sat B. had sat C. had been sitting D. was sitting10. What are you going to do this afternoon? I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film_ quite early, so we_ tothe bookstore after that. A. finished; are going B. finished ; go C. finishes; are going D. finishes; go11. Millions of pounds worth of damage _ by a storm which swept across the north ofEngland last night. A. has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused12. They have a good knowledge of English but little _they know about German. A. have B. did C. had D. do13. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money.A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning14. - _ leave at the end of this month.- I dont think you should do that until _ another job. A. Im going to ; youd found B. Im going to ; youve found C. Ill ; youll find D. Ill ; youd found15. - Where did you put the car keys? - Oh, I _ I put them on the chair because the phone rang as I _ in. A. remembered ; comeB. remembered ; was coming C. remember ; comeD. remember ; was coming16. The house belongs to my aunt but she_ here any more.A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live17. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _ on the wedding. A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned18.Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane_. A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off19. I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _on it for more than an hour. A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been working D. had worked20. Has Sam finished his novel yet? I have no idea. He _ it this morning. A. has written B. wrote C. was writing D. had written 21.Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people _ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology. A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun 22. This machine _. It hasnt worked for years. A. didnt work B. wasnt working C. doesnt work D. isnt working23. I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I