04 第四讲 动词的时态和语态 新.doc

高中英语语法 第四讲 动词的时态和语态第四讲 动词的时态和语态一 动词的时态时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语中有16种时态，中学所学时态有11种。一般式进行式完成式完成进行式现在一般现在时do/does现在进行时am/is/are doing现在完成时have/has done现在完成进行时have/has been doing过去一般过去时did过去进行时 was/were doing过去完成时had done过去完成进行时Had been doing将来一般将来时will/shall do将来进行时 will/shall be doing将来完成时will/shall have done将来完成进行时will/shall have been doing过去将来过去将来时 would/should do过去将来进行时 would/should be doing过去将来完成时 would/should have done过去将来完成进行时Would/should have been doing二 各个时态及用法1 一般现在时构成do (am, is, are, have, has) 概念经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。用法意义时间状语例句1经常性或惯性的动作always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on SundaysI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2客观真理，客观存在，科学事实，格言或警句The earth moves around the sun.Pride goes before a fall.3现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.4按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事情仅限于表示“运动”的动词（go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, return, take off）The plane takes off at 10:00 this afternoon.5 代替将来时状语从句中：时间状从，条件状从，让步状从（连词when, before, until, as soon as, if, whether）Well set off as soon as he gets ready. If it doesnt rain, well go on a picnic as planed.Whether he comes or not, well discuss the problem this afternoon.典型例题-Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend?-Terry? Never! She _ tents and fresh air! (08上海)A. has hatedB. hatedC. will hateD. hates2.一般过去时构成did (was, were, had)概念表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）用法意义时间状语例句1在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in1982, just nowWhere did you go just now?2在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作频度副词 often, usually, seldomWhen I was a child, I often played football in the street.3一些动词用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等注意：一些动词和情态动词用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。wish, wonder, think, hope动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。情态动词could, wouldI thought you might have some.Did you want any thing else?I wondered if you could help me.Could you lend me your bike?4 用来代替过去将来时在时间状从，条件状从中They told us that they would not leave until she came back.He said he would not go if it rained.5 某些特定句型，表示现在或将来的非真实情况、主观意图或愿望It is (high/about) time (that) sb. did sth.would/ had rather sb. did sth虚拟语气中Its time you went to bed.Id rather you came tomorrow.If only I had a better memory.典型例题I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _ there several years ago.(07 全国I)A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been-Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant- Kate is in hospital.- Oh, really? I _. Ill go and visit her. A. didnt know B. dont know C. wont know D. havent known解析：语境中的过去时,往往有“刚刚,刚才”之意He said he_me a present unless I_ in doing the experiment. (条状一般过去式代替了过去将来时)A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeedC. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.3. 一般将来时 概念将来发生的动作或存在的状态用法构成意义例句1 will/shall +动词原形（shall只用于第一人称）将要发生的动作或状态tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, in+时间Which article shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?比较：I will come. (将来)She shall come.(意愿，命令)2 be going to do (am/is/are)主语的意图，即将做某事。计划，安排要发生的事。有迹象要发生的事What are you going to do tomorrow?The play is going to be produced next month.Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3 be about to do(am/is/are) 即将，马上发生的事情。一般不与表示明确将来时的时间状语（tomorrow, next week）连用。He is about to leave for Beijing.The ship is about to sail.4 be to do (am/is/are)约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要做的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.You are not to tell him anything about our plan.5 用现在进行时表示表示位置移动的动词，come，go, arrive, leave, start, stay, fly, take offHe is coming here next week and is staying here until May.He is flying to Nanjing early tomorrow morning.辨析1be going to /will用于条件句时，be going to表将来will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.(将来)Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. (意愿)2 be to/ be going tobe to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)典型例题How can I apply for an online course? Just fill out this form and we _ what we can do four you. (07 北京) A. see B. are seeing C. have seen D. will see4. 过去将来时 （参照一般将来时）概念从过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态时间状语next day(morning, year), the following year/month/ week, at that time用法构成意义例句1 should/would doAt that time I knew we should succeed.He said he wouldnt come back the next day.2 was/ were going to do过去的预见和意图I thought it was going to rain.He was going to start the work the following week.3 was/ were about to过去即将发生的事情He said that he was just about to phone us.This experience was to change his life.4 was/ were to do过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情She was to take the 6:00pm train, but she got the station too late.5 用过去进行时表示表示位置移动的动词come，go, arrive, leave, start, fly, take offHe told me he was leaving in an hour.I asked her whether she was coming to the party.典型例题-It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.-Oh, dont mention it. I _past your house anyway. (07 北京)A. was coming B. will come C. had come D. have come-Tom, you didnt come to the party last night? -I _, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. (07 全国)A. had to B. didnt C. was going toD. wouldnt解析：用过去进行时表示过去将来时。 5. 现在进行时构成am/is/are doing概念正在发生的动作或状态用法意义时间状语例句1表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情可不用时间状语，也可以和 now, at present, at the moment 等时间状语连用We are waiting for you.We are having our English class now.2习惯进行：表示现阶段的长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行Mr. Green is writing another novel.She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.3 表示将来的动作 （这时句中一般有表示将来的时间状语）表示位置移动的动词，come，go, arrive, leave, start, stay, fly, take offWere leaving for Beijing on Sunday.Im meeting Mary tonight. Shes taking me to the theater.4表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩与always, constantly, forever 等词连用（赞叹、厌烦）You are always changing your mind.They are forever quarreling about something.典型例题My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found 解析：前句仍在持续的状态，进行时，没有的影响仍然存在，完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。-Have you handed in your schoolwork yet? -Yes, I have. I guess it _ now.(07 辽宁) A. has graded B. is graded C. is being graded D. is grading解析：说话间正在发生的动作，被动。-Have you got any job offers? -No. I _.(08辽宁)A. waitedB. had been waitingC. have waitedD. am waiting解析：现阶段的动作。 现在进行时与一般现在时的区别现在进行时动作在进行中；未完成；描述暂时性的状态；与always等连用表示某种情感。Im living with some friends until I find a flat. (临时性的)一般现在时一般性的、不断重复的动作；永久性的动作。My parents live in London. They have lived there all their lives. （永久性的）6. 过去进行时构成was/were doing概念过去正在进行的动作或存在的状态用法意义时间状语例句1过去某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生的动作this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, whileI was doing my homework at this time yesterday.At that time, he was working in a university.2用来提供背景（口语或记叙文中）可以用过去进行时表示的持续性动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。It was raining when they left the station. My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.3 含有时间状语的复合句中延续时间较长的动作用过进，另一个短暂动作用一般过去时。若两个延续性动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，不考虑动作先后长短，从句和主句都用过行。My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park.The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.4 表示褒贬等感情色彩和现在进行时一样，只是时间不同。always, forever频度副词连用He was forever complaining about something.5 代替过去将来时表示位置移动的动词come，go, arrive, leave, start, fly, take offHe told me he was leaving in an hour.I asked her if she was coming to the party.典型例题Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes解析：有一个过去时的时间状语从句-Ouch! You hurt me! -I am sorry. But I any harm. I to drive a rat out.(07 江西)A. didnt mean; tried B. dont mean; am tryingC. havent meant; tried D. didnt mean; was trying解析：有一个过去某一时刻的语境提示As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading； fellC. was reading；was falling D. read；fell解析：描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。过去进行时和过去时的区别过去进行时强调当时动作正在发生。是否结束不知道。We were building a bridge last year 一般过去时说明动作已结束We built a bridge last year.7. 将来进行时构成will/shall be doing概念将来某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态用法意义例句1 按计划安排将来某时将要进行或发生的动作What will you be doing at 6 pm tomorrow.This time tomorrow we will be watching a film.2 安排将要做的事情Ill be seeing her this evening.Well be spending the summer in Dalian.典型例题Mikes family their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. (09安徽)A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying解析：有一个将来某一时刻的提示。this time next week不用进行时的动词分类例词例句1事实状态的动词have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2心理状态的动词know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3瞬间动词accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.4系动词seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.8. 现在完成时构成have/has done意义现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。用法意义时间状语例句1表示在说话之前已经完成的事情。一般发生在不确定的过去的时间并与“现在”有联系，即侧重点在该事态对现在的影响不确定的时间状语 already, (not) yet, just, never, ever, before, lately, recently, in the past 3 years, by this time, so far, till/until, up to nowWeve already finished the work.Mary has had a bad car accident.2 过去某一时刻开始、持续到现在的动作或状态，该动作或状态有可能继续持续下去常和for, since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。动词为持续性动词或状态动词。（瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时）I have studied English for 7 years.I have lived here since 1999.I havent received his letter for almost a month.3 用在从句中一个动作先于另一个动作I understand what she has said to me.4 用在时间条件状语从句中代替将来完成时时间状从连词条件状从连词I will write him when I have finished the book.If she hasnt gone to bed when you see her, tell her to give me a ring. 5 固定句型中叙述到目前为止所经历的事It/this is +the+序数词+time +thatIt/this is+ adj最高级+thatThis is the second time that I have broken a cup this year.It is the best film that I have ever seen.典型例题The unemployment rate in this district from 6% to 5% in the past two years.(07 上海)A. has fallen B. had fall C. is falling D. was falling解析：过去的不确定的时间状语提示。Danny hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. (07 福建)A. works B. is working C. has worked D. worked解析：动作始于过去，强调对现在的影响If Newton lived today, he would be surprise by what _ in science and technology. (07 天津)A. had discovered B. had been discovered C. has discovered D. has been discoveredThis is the first time we a film in the cinema together as a family. (09陕西) A. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen现在完成时和一般过去时的区别强调重点时间状语动词现在完成时过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响表示开始与过去，持续到现在的一段时间通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always动词一般是延续性的live, teach, learn, work, study, know(非延续性动词的否定式可用现完)Tom has lost his key. He cant get into the house.He has been a League member for three years.I have worked for 10 hours.I havent found my pen.一般过去式过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作表示发生在过去，现在已经结束常与具体的时间状语连用yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get marriedTom lost his key yesterday.He joined the League three years ago.The little died yesterday.共有的时间状语this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately典型例题-Did Peter fix the computer himself? （仅强调过去的动作） -He _, because he doesnt know much about computers.(07 安徽) A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it24. When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what _ .(07 四川)（强调影响） A. have marked B. have been marked C. had marked D. had been markedI dont believe youve already finished reading the book I _it to you this morning! 浙江A. would lend B. was lending C. had lent D. lent （this morning 过去具体时间状语）The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have beenSince 的用法用法例句1 since +过去一个时间点(具体的年、月、日期、钟点 last month, half past 6)I have been here since 1989.2 since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3 since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left.4It is +一段时间+ since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.9. 过去完成时构成had done概念过去的过去用法意义时间状语例句1 在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作by the end of last yearWe had learnt 3 units by the end of last month.He found the book that he had lost.2 从过去的某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作，这个动作偶可能继续延续下去。一般和since, for 引导 的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用We had not seen each other since I left Shanghai.When he came, I had worked for 3 hours.3状语从句中在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时before, when, after, untilWhen the police arrived, the thieves had run away.I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.4 在宾语从句中told, said, asked, knew, heard, thought, wondered等动词后的宾语从句She said (that) she had never been to Paris.He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.5 表示过去未完成的愿望表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose “原本，未能”We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.6特殊句型和固定搭配中It was the+序数词+that sb. had doneno soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen位于句首时要用部分倒装的语序与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中It was the first time that we had spoken together.We had no soon reached home than it began to rain.Hardly had I entered the office when the phone rang. (句首半倒装)If he had seen you yesterday, he would have told you about it.典型例题They became friends again that day. Until then, they _ to each other for nearly two years. A. didnt speak B. hadnt spoken C. haven t spoken D. haven t been speaking解析：until then 过去的时间状语，在这之前动作已经完成The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, left B. ere writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left解析：在过去的动作went 之前，动作left 已经完成Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets _out. (09上海) A. would sell B. had sold C. have sold D. was selling过去完成时和现在完成时的区别意义例句过去完成时动作在过去某一时间之前完成，或过去某一动作之前完成动作始于过去，持续到过去某一时间I had finished my homework before you reached home. 现在完成时动作始于过去，持续到现在，强调动作对现在的影响I have worked here since May.典型例题The country life he was used to greatly since 1992. A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed He more than 5000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned10. 将来完成时构成will/shall have done概念将来某时完成的动作用法意义时间状语例句1 将来某时已经完成的一个动作常和by短语、by the time (that)结构连用By four oclock we shall have got everything ready.If you come at six, I shall have done my homework.2 持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态这个动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。By this summer well have been here for five years.One the first of next month I shall have studied in this school for three years.11. 现在完成进行时构成have/has been doing用法意义时间状语例句1 从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。特别强调现在该动作仍在进行。常和for, since 引导的时间状语连用It has been raining for two hours now.Weve been living in this city since 1980.2 在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作Ive been waiting for you an hour.You have been traveling all day and you must be tired.典型例 题-I have got a headache. -No wonder. You in front of that computer too long. (07 江西) A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked-Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. -I think so. He _ for it for months. A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been prepared现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别意义例句现在完成时动作始于过去，持续到现在，并且有可能持续下去。强调动作对现在的影响I have worked here for two years.现在完成进行时从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。特别强调现在该动作仍在进行。I have been working here for two years.典 型例题Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _ English for a year. 07 湖南)A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studyingMy brother is an actor. He _ in several films so far.A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing三 动词的语态语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动和被动。1 被动语态构成be+及物动词的-ed形式用法使用情况例句1动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态Street lights are often turned on at six in winter