法律英语 华中农业大学.doc

法律英语1、what are the special duties for U.S. House of representatives?（美国参议院有什么特殊职责？）（1）impeach or bring charges against the president or federal official（检举、控告主席或联邦官员）（2）choose a president if no candidate receives a majority of electoral votes.（选出一位总统如果没有哪个候选人收到大多数的选票）2、How does the system of checks and blames in the USA?（在美国该系统是如何检查和指责的？）（1）congress may pass laws but the president can veto them（国会可以通过法令,但总统可以否决他们）（2）the president can veto laws but congress can overcome the veto with a 2/3 vote总统可以否决法律但是国会可以克服用2/3投票否决(3)the president and the congress may agree on a law,but the supreme court can declare dikl a law unconstitutional总统和国会可能会同意一项法律,但最高法院可以声明一个法律违宪(4) the president can appoint the judges and other government official,but senate must approve them总统可以任命的法官和其他政府官员,但参议院必须批准他们(5) supreme court judges have life terms but they can be impeached. 最高法院法官的生活条件,但他们可以弹劾。3、why is constitution called the highest law of the land? 为什么宪法称为最高的法律的土地?(1) what the constitution concerns above all are fundamental issues of the state体质问题首先是国家的根本问题（2）It serves as the basic of enacting all other laws and regulations any laws contravening the constitutional provisions are null and void它作为基本的法律、法规制定所有其他任何法律违反宪法规定是无效的（3）The procedures for adopting and amending it are far more stringent and cautious than any other laws and regulations程序采用和修改它比其他任何法律、法规的规定更严格谨慎4、what are the main sources of Chinas constitutional law?什么是我国宪法的主要来源？（1）constitutional Code-Constitution(1982) 宪法典宪法(2)constitutional amendments -31 clauses of amendments (1988,1993,1999 and 2004) -31年宪法修正案条款的修改(3)constitutional acts mainly relating to the powers of the State and basic rights of the citizen宪法的行为主要涉及国家的权力和城市的基本权利5、what are the basic rights of Chinese citizens stipulated in constitution of China? 什么是中国宪法规定的中国公民的基本权利？ （1）Rights to equality(2)Political 政治right(3)personal rights人身权利(4)social ,economic, educational and cultural rights社会、经济、教育、文化等各方面的权利（5）Special persons rights特别的人的权利6、what are the basic principles of the Contract Law?合同法的基本原则是什么？（1）principle of equality平等(2) principle of voluntariness自愿(3) principle of good faith诚实信用(4) principle of abiding by the laws and regulations, observing social ethics and the Social Economic order遵守法律，法规，遵守社会道德和社会经济秩序的原则(5) principle of performing obligations执行义务原则7、how can you understand rights to equality stipulated in Chinas constitution? 你怎么理解中国宪法规定的权利平等?(1)All citizens regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious, belief, education, property state or length of residence, may equally enjoy the constitutional and statutory rights, and equally perform obligations prescribed by them. 公民不分民族、种族、袜、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况和居住期限,住宅,可能都平等地享有宪法和法令的权利,同样他们规定履行义务。（2）The legal rights and interests of any person are subject to equal protection .The violations of the law should be brought to justice.任何一个人的合法权益是主体平等保护。违反法律的人应该被绳之以法。(3)No privilege is allowed before the law在法律面前没有好处被允许。8、what are the requirements of an acceptance in concluding a contract?在订立合同中接受的要求是什么?（1）an offer must be accepted by the offeree not be a third party. 要约必须接受要约者而不是一个第三方。（2）the acceptance must be unequivocal必须明确接受(3) in most cases ,the acceptance must be communicated to the offeror在大多数情况下,接受要约必须传达9、On what ways will an offer terminate ? 在哪些方面将要约终止(1)the offer can withdraw an offer at any time before acceptance要约可以撤回在任何时间之前接受要约(2)the offeree can either reject the offer outright or make a counteroffer要约可以断然拒绝要约，或做出还价。(3)the offer itself may specify that it will lapse after a set length of time要约本身可以指定，它会设定的时间长度后失效(4)The offeror may die or lose the legal capacity to contract要约人死亡或失去承包的法律行为能力10、As far as discharge or contract is concerned ,what are the provisions under continental law system? 至于排放或合同而言，什么是大陆的法律制度下的规定？11、What are the provisions under Chinese law system on discharge of contract? 什么是根据中国的法律制度的规定，合同终止？12、what are the elements for a contract to be legally binding? 合同是具有法律约束力的元素是什么？(1) It must show agreement ,including offer ,acceptance and mutuality它必须表明协议，包括要约，承诺和相互(2)It must involve two or more parties having the legal capacity to contract它必须涉及两个或两个以上的当事人具有法律行为能力的合同(3) It must be for a legal purpose它必须是一个法律的目的(4) It must be the correct form for example, certain contracts must be in writing. 它必须是正确的形式，例如，某些合同必须采用书面形式13、what are Chinese citizens obligations in accordance with Chinas constitution? 什么是中国公民按照中国的宪法义务？(1) unity of the country and nationalities 国家统一和民族(2) obedience to the law服从法律(3)keeping state secrets保守国家秘密(4)military service兵役(5)payment of taxes支付的税款14、what are the primary sources of American law？美国法律的主要来源是什么？Constitutions, treaties ,statutes ,administrative rules and decisions, executive orders ,court decisions ,cases. 宪法条约，法规，行政规章和决定，行政命令，法院判决的案件。15、what are the secondary sources of American law? 什么是美国法律的次要来源是什么？Books and articles that summarize and clarify the primary sources of law .Legal encyclopedias, compilations (eg. Restatement of law). Official comments to statutes, treatises articles .In law reviews(such as Harvard Law Review) published by law schools ,and articles in other legal journals are examples of secondary sources of law. 书籍和文章，总结和阐明法律的主要来源。法律百科全书，编辑（如法律重述）。官方意见法规，论文的文章。在法律评论（如哈佛法律评论）法律学校，并在其他法律期刊的文章发表的次要法律来源的例子名词解释1、Minor 未成年人 A minor is a person who has not yet reached the age of majority .In most states ,the age of majority is 18 (including China) for contract purpose.一个未成年人是谁尚未达到法定年龄的人。在大多数国家中，多数是18岁（包括中国）的合同目的。2、contract law 契约法Contract law is a general term of the legal norm regulating the agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing .合同法是规范建立，修改和终止民事权利和义务平等主体之间的协议的法律规范的总称。3、acceptance 验收Acceptance is the offerees manifestation of intention to enter into a binding agreement on the terms stated in the offer.验收是受要约的意思表示，进入一个约束力的协议，在要约规定的条款.4、unilateral contract 单方面合同A unilateral contract is an agreement in which one party makes any obligations under the terms of the contract.单方面的合同是在一方根据合同条款的任何义务的协议。5、executed contract执行合同A contract that has been fully performed on both sides is called an executed contract.被称为一个已完全执行合同双方执行合同。6、executory contract 执行合同If one party has fully performed but the other has not the contract is said to be executed on the one side and executory on the other side ,but the contract is still classified as executory contract.如果一方已经完全履行，但对方没有合同的一方对对方执行的执行，但合同仍然归类为执行合同。7、law 法Law is a set of enforced rules that govern the actions of people in a society.These rules must be followed by citizens, and violation of these rules may give rise to a cause of action in the courts.是政府在社会中的人的行动的执行规则集。公民必须遵循这些规则，违反这些规则可能会引起的行动在法庭上的原因。8、contract 合同A contract is an agreement establishing modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing ,that is between natural persons legal persons ,or other organizations. 合同是建立，修改和终止，自然人法人或者其他组织之间的平等主体之间的民事权利和义务的协议。9、express contract 明示合同An express contract is an explicit agreement which the parties spell out the terms and manifest their assent either in writing or orally. 一个明确的合同是一个明确的协议，各方拼出的口头或书面的条款和体现他们的同意。10、Offer 议案An offer is a promise or commitment to perform or refrain form performing something in the future.要约的承诺或承诺执行或不执行在未来的东西的形式。11、Counter offer还价Counter Offer is the proposal by an offeree of different contract terms from those submitted by the offerer. 还价是由不同的合同条款要约人要约人提交的提案。12、precedent 先例Is a principle or rule established in a legal case that a count or other judicial body may apply when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.是一个原则或规则，在法律的情况下，计数或其他司法机构的决定随后的情况下，类似的问题或事实时13、Family law 家庭法Family law determines the legal rights and obligations of husbands and wives and of parents and children.家庭法确定丈夫和妻子，父母与子女的合法权利和义务14、sources of law 法的来源Refers to the methods and procedures by which the law is created and developed ,or the origin from which particular laws derive their authority or coercive force.是指由法律创造和发展的方法和程序，或从特定的法律得到他们的权力或强制力的起源。15、Constitution 宪法Constitution is a set of rules and principles that define the powers of a government and the rights of the people.宪法是一套规则和原则，界定了政府的权力和人民的权利。 三、Perter sues Mary .Mary thinks that the judges in this case should rule in her favor .Because the judges in cases that involved circumstances similar to those in this case have ruled in a way that indicates the above ruling.perter起诉玛丽，玛丽认为，在这种情况下，法官应排除在她的欢心。由于案件涉及的情况类似，在这种情况下，法官裁定的方式，表示上述裁决。Question: If Mary argues his way, is his a valid argument ?Does the judge in this case have to rule as those other judges .问：如果玛丽认为他的方式，是他的一个有效参数，是否在这种情况下，法官必须排除那些其他法官？It depends on the different law systems.Yes ,Marys argument is valid .Under the doctrine of stare decisis, judges are generally bound to follow the precedents set in their jurisdictions by the judges who have