word-ation.doc

Bound Roots1. base 降低 abase, absement (to humble or humiliate) 贬抑，使卑下；debase贬低2. bate 走，打 abate, abatement (to make less in amount, degree, force, etc.; wane) 减轻，降低rebate回扣3. brev 短abbreviation 缩短，缩写(the fact or state of being made shorter, a shortened form of a word or phrase)，brevity简短； abridge删减，缩短。4. dic说话，命令 abdicate让位，辞职，放弃 (to give up formally a high office, throne, authority, etc) abdication, abdicator, dictator命令者，独裁者。5. duct 引导abduct绑架，拐走 (to take a person away unlawfully and by force or fraud; kidnap) abductor, abduction, viaduct高架桥6. err错误 aberrant越轨的，异常的 (turning away from what is right, true, etc. deviating from what is normal or typical) aberrance, aberration； errant错误的，离正道的； error错误。7. hor 恨，abhor憎恶，嫌恶 (to shrink from in disgust, hatred, etc.; detest; hate) abhorrer; horrible可怕的。8. abide=tolerate容忍，忍受 (to submit to; put up with)9. ject抛扔 abject 极可怜的，卑屈的(of the lowest degree; miserable; wretched; lacking self-respect;degraded; base)； reject抛弃，拒绝。10. jure发誓 abjure誓绝，弃绝 (to give up rights, allegiance, etc. on oath; renounce; give up options publicly; recant)； perjury伪誓，伪证 adjure郑重敦促，恳求（让人发誓去做，恳请）。11. lut 冲洗ablution（宗教的）净礼，沐浴; antediluvian 史前的，大洪水以前的12. neg 反对，否认abnegation, abnegate克己，放弃; negative消极的，否认的13. norm 标准abnormal不正常的，变态的; anomaly反常14. omin=omen凶兆 abominate痛恨，痛恶; ominous凶险。15. ras=rad 摩擦abrade 磨损，擦伤abrasion表面磨损； erase擦掉16. rog 问abrogate废止，废除； interrogative审问的；prerogative特权（预先要求得到）17. cond 藏起来abscond潜逃，逃亡； condiment调味品（把坏味道藏起来）。18. tain拿住 abstain, abstention, abstinence, abstentiou自动戒绝，抑制; retain保留; contain19. tem酒 abstemious有节制的，节俭的; temetum蜜酒20. tract拉 abstract摘要; intractable倔强的。21. trus走，推 abstruse, abstruseness, abstrusity难懂的，深奥的确; intrusion闯入。22. celer速度 accelerate加速；celerity迅速。23. cede走 accede应允，同意; concede让步。24. cess走 access走过去，通道; procession行列，队伍。25. cid落下 accidental,accident意外的偶然的; deciduous落叶的。26. clam叫喊 acclaim，acclamation欢呼，称赞；clamorous喧哗的.27. cliv斜坡 acclivity向上的斜坡; proclivity倾向，癖性28. ver转 adversity不幸，灾难; adversary对手，敌人（对着转的人）。29. scient知道的 prescient有先见之明的; omniscient全知的。30. puber成熟 puberty青春期，春情发动期; pubescent到达青春期的。Prefixes and SufixesPrefixes(1) Negative prefixes: a-, dis- in- (il-, ir-, ira-), non-, un-, e. g. amoral (nonmoral), apolitical ( not political); disloya (not loyal), disobey (not obey); injustice (without justice), illegal (not legal), irresistible (not to be resisted), immature (not mature); non-smoker (not a smoker), non-classical (not classical); unfair (not fair), unwilling (not willing). Of this group, un- is by far the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adjectives for actual use as in unreplaceable, unmovable for irreplaceable and immovable.(2) Reversative prefixes: de-, dis-, un-, e. g. decentralize (give greater powers for self-government), decompose (separate into parts); disunite (become separate), disallow (refuse to allow); unhorse (cause to fall from a horse), unwrap (open). The prefixes of this group can all be found in the previous class. The reason for their separation lies in the meaning.(3) Pejorative prefixes: real-, mis-, pseudo-, e. g. maltreat (treat badly), malpractice (wrongdoing); misconduct (bad behaviour), mistrust (not to trust); pseudo-friend (false friend), pseudo-science (false science).(4) Prefixes of degree or size: arch-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur- , ultra-, under-, e. g. archbishop (a priest in charge of bishops in a large area); extra-strong (very strong), hyperactive (extremely active); macrocosm (the universe); microcomputer (very small computer); mini-election (small-scale election); outlive (live longer than); overweight (weighing more than normal); subheading (secondary heading); superfreeze (freeze to a very low temperature); surtax (tax too much); ultra-conservative (extremely conservative); underdeveloped (less developed)(5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-, e.g. anti-nuclear, anti-government; contraflow (the arrangement for the traffic to go on both directions on one side of the road); pro-student (on the side of the student), pro-democracy (supporting democracy).(6) Locative prefixes: extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans-, e.g. extraordinary (more than ordinary), extramarital (out-side marriage); forehead, forearm; inter-city (between cities), interpersonal (concerning relations between people); intra-party (within the party); telecommunication (communication by telephone, radio, television, etc. ); trans-world (across the world), transcontinental (across the continent).(7) Prefixes of time and order: ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re-, e.g. ex-professor (former professor), ex-student (former student); foretell (tell before happening), foreknowledge (knowledge before happening); post-election ( after election); pre-prepared (prepared beforehand); reconsider (consider again).(8) Number prefixes: bi-, multi- ( poly- ) , semi- ( hemi- ) , tri-, uni- (mono-), e. g . bicycle, bilingual (concerning two languages); multi-purpose (more than one purpose), polysyllable (more than one syllable); semi-naked (half naked), hemisphere (a half of the earth on either side of equator); tricycle (a vehicle with three wheels); uniform (not different), monorail (one rail).(9) Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo- , pan-, vice-, e. g. autobiography (biography written by oneself), neo-Nazi (new Nazi ); pan-European ( the whole of Europe ); vice-chairman (deputy chairman).Suffixes(1) Noun suffixes Denominal nouns (n.+.) a. Concrete. The suffixes of this group are added to noun bases to produce concrete nouns: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let, e.g. profiteer (person who makes unfairly large profits), engineer; teenager; hostess ( female host ), priestess ( female priest ); cigarette, kitchenette (small kitchen); booklet (small book); gangster (member of the gang), songster (skilled singer). b. Abstract. The following suffixes come at the end of noun stems to form abstract nouns: -age, -dom, -ery , -ery (-fy), -hood, -ing, -ism, -ship, e.g. wastage, mileage; officialdom (officials as a group); slavery; adulthood (condition of being an adult); farming; terrorism (the use of violence to obtain political demands); friendship, sportsmanship. Deverbal nouns (v.+.) a. The following suffixes combine with verb stems to create largely nouns denoting people: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er (-or), e. g. assistant, informant (one who gives information to police, etc. ); employee, trainee; respondent (person who responds), dependent (one who depends on someone else for food, clothing etc. ). b. Suffixes of this group added to verb stems to produce largely abstract nouns, denoting action, result, process, state, etc.: -age, -al, -ance , -ation (-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion ), -ence , -ing , -ment, e. g. linkage, carriage; dismissal, survival; attendance, performance, protection, decision; existence, persistence; building, savings; statement, judgement. De-adjective nouns (adj+): -ity , -ness, e. g. popularity, productivity; happiness, largeness. Noun and adjective suffixes A small number of suffixes, when added to stems related to human beings or nationality names, form words that can be used both as nouns and adjectives: -ese, -an, -ist, e. g. Lebanese, Chinese; Australian, Elizabethan; socialist, violinist. (2) Adjective suffixes Denominal suffixes (n.+): -ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -al (-iai, -ical ) , -esque, -ic, -ous (-eous, -ious ), e.g. wooded, simple-minded; successful; childish, foolish; priceless, nameless; lady-like, dreamlike; cowardly, friendly; smoky, bloody; cultural, residential; picturesque; economic, historic; courageous, marvellous. Among them, -ish can be added to adjective stems to form adjectives, e.g. brownish, coldish. Deverbal suffixes (v.+): -able (-i6e),-ire (-ative, -sire), e.g. washable, arguable, permissible; active, decisive, productive. (3) Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward ( s ), -wise, e.g. calmly, naturally, publicly; homewards, downward, onward; clockwise (in the direction in which the hands of the clock move), education-wise (so far as education is concerned). (4) Verb suffixes: -ate, -e. , - ( i ) fy, -ize (-ise ), e.g. originate (have . as origin); darken, heighten, strengthen; solidify (make . solid), beautify (make more beautiful); modernize, symbolize.Compounds1. Noun compounds (1) n + n: moon walk, end product (2) n + v: toothache, frostbite (3) v + n: crybaby, tell-tale (4) a + n: deadline, blueprint (5) n + v-ing: brainwashing, air-conditioning (6) v-lng + n: cleaning lady, wading bird (7) n + v-er: stockholder, crime reporter (8) adv + v: outbreak, downfall (9) v + adv: sit-in, have-not (10) v-ing + adv: going-over, carryings-on(11) adv + v-lng: up-bringing2. Adjective compounds (1) n + v-ing: law-abiding, record-breaking (2) a + wing: easy-going, high-sounding (3) n + a: warweary, thread-bare (4) a + a: deaf-mute, bitter-sweet (5) n + v-ed: custom-built, town-bred (6) a (adv) + v-ed: far-fetched, hard-won (7) n (a) + n-ed: short-sighted, lion-hearted (8) num+ n: ten-storey, four-leg (9) num+ n-ed. one-eyed, two-legged (10) adv + v-lng: forth-coming, ut-going (11) v-ed + adv: worn-out, washed-up3. Verb compounds Through conversion Through backformation nickname (n) to nickname lip-reading to lip-read honeymoon (n) to honeymoon bottle-feeding to bottle-feed moonlight (n) to moon