新概念英语第四册笔记大全.doc

L1 Finding fossil manrecount /rikaunt/ v.叙述 / reikaunt/ 再数一次record / rekd/ /ri kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount : emotionless 重复describedepict： a little emotionalnarrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。portray：描述saga /sa:g/ n.英雄故事 描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事legend /ledVnd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hoodanthropologist/ AnWrpCldVist/ n.人类学家 anthrop：人 philosophere :philosopher|爱智慧哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） anthropology :人类学 带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学remote/ rimut/ n.遥远ancestor / Ansest/ n.祖先 an- 在前面 forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉 leave me rot.leave me along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your tracei follow where you gopolynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wifeflint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting heartedfossil / fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石read of 读到谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north africfar east 非限定性从句，表原因oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language.precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词counterpart: two things or two people have the same positionoral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生 migration ：移民 ）migrant ）immigrantv. migrate:迁移，迁徙migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body peoples 民族 if they had any: 即便是有his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千方百计，费尽周折explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves howeveranywhere you want ,加逗号but,yet不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentencetherefore自由so自由 tool:小工具instrument:实验器械equipment:设备 shape:成型；教育，改造may also have:表推测 peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮 without (any) trace:无影无踪L 2 Spare that spiderflocks and herds 牛群和羊群 flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分 you are the same flock.也可指人 herd多指牛群 cowherd cowboythrong and crowd swarmowe vt.感激欠 i owe you. i owe you a big favor. 欠 issueoblige indebt appreciate-常用口语词 正式：grateful thankfulbeastn 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal 形容 creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性Fraction小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will sufficeon ones behalf 代表利益Ibeatyouonyourbehalf.我打你是为你好onbehalfofsomebody/somethinge.gonbehalfofchinesegovernmentonbehalfofrepresentauthority/C:WCriti/n.权威authorize批准authoritative权威性的authoritarian独裁的tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词dictator独裁者dictatorial独裁的authorities权威（可单数可复数）当局（复数）census/senss/n.统计数据thefifthnationalpopulationcensus.censor审查censorious挑剔的，挑刺的acre/eik/n.英亩acresquaremetersfootballpitch足球场footballyardfootballcourtfootballfieldbecontentwith满足于满足作表语，不能出现定语结构Heiscontentwithstatusquo.contentedheart:心满意足的人spare/spZ/v.不伤害，宽恕sparemeHedoesntsparehimself.Isparenoeffortstolearnenglish.(sparenoefforts:不遗余力作什么)Notesonthetextwhy,youmaywonderyoumaywonderwhy插入语先不管插入语，弄清句子结构youmaywonderwhyspidersshouldbeourfriends？插入语位置不固定why以疑问句开头why,youmaywonder,theproblemofpollutionbefallshumanbeings.why,youmaywonder,oneofmyfriendsissokindhearted.destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光tearintopiecesgreatestenemies:天敌dyingenemycryingenemydearenemyhumanrace:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词impossible和possible永远不要以人开头Itisimpossibleforsomebodytodosomething.likely可以以人做主语。bable也不以人做主语theywould表示假设devour狼吞虎咽devourthefoodmakeacakeofmyselfmakeagodofmyselfdevourthebookit虚拟语气前面是主句，下面是条件句前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时Ifitwerenotfor:如果这不是因为Iwouldnotsurviveifitwerenotforhistimelyhelp.butfor一定是虚拟语气ifitwerenotforowe感激，欠ioweyou.引出主题allofthemputtogether:把他们堆到一起谓语动词是killdestroyed后置定语，重心转到spiderL 3 Mattonhorn1、alpinist(1.1)/$lpinist/n登山运动员climbermountaineer词根：alp-Alps(1.16)/$lps/n阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj阿尔卑斯山的2、attain(1.4)/+tein/v到达togettotoarriveat/intoattainonesgoal=realizetoattainthetop/peak/summit达到顶点attainyouth永葆青春attainment(n)attainments成就accomplishment3、perilous(1.5)/peril+s/adj危险的peril（随时可能出现的）危险avalanche雪崩4、shudder(1.5)/M)d+/v不寒而栗shudder:quickandsuddentremble:longandveryobviousquiver:excitement,maybecoldshiver:coldandnervous5、gooutofonesway专门bytheway顺路toomuchforme受不起6、court（multiplemeanings多义词）1）朝廷朝臣courtier2）courteous彬彬有礼的3）法庭4）娱乐场足球场soccer/footballcourt高尔夫球场golfcourt5）追求6）招致骄兵必败pridecourtsfailure7、solitary(1.6)/s&lrt+ri/adj唯一的sol-独solo独唱独奏solitude孤独Iliveinsolitude.=Ilivealonelylife.8、pioneer(1.2)/?pai+n+/v开辟，倡导；n先锋，开辟者9、impoverish(11.9-10)/$mp&v+rM/v使贫困poor（口语词）罗素名言：Agreatmanymanwillcheerfullyfaceinpoverishmentiftheycansecurecompleteruinfortheirrival,hencepresentleveloftaxation.许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj粗劣的coarsethroat嗓子哑sorethroat嗓子发炎coarsefare粗粮refinedfair细粮coarseandrefinedinacoarsemanner粗暴无礼11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v自恃有用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有Heboastedthatofhisknowledge.Thecenterboastsateamofhighqualify(qualifiedresearchers.)12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n教区居民parish教区13、shepherd(1.14)/Mep+d/n牧羊人sheepshep羊herd兽群14、linen(1.15)/linin/n亚麻布床单Notesonthetext1、Route路线Road道路2、goodsports:stimulus刺激thrilling震撼、兴奋3、regardregardsbwithsth(感情词lovehatredhorrorrespect)Dad,Iregardyouwithhorror.爸爸，我很害怕你。4、pineeringdays,ancient(先人时期)5、notatall根本不case这回事6、bedoing表达当时的行动（状态）7、top:顶点summit山顶peak山顶Thesceneryisatthepeakofthemountain.无限风光在险峰。Iamatthetopoftheworld.我在世界之巅。Summitmeeting峰会8、attain到达conquer征服9、beofthemostperilousnaturenature特点、特性themostperilousdifficultiesanddangers学会beofthe+adj+noun结构Heisthekindestman.=Heisthemanofthekindestman.10、equipped表示当时的一种伴随。11、inamanner以这样的方式12、makesbdosth(省to结构)13、atthethought一想到，mention一提到,idea一想到这个结构后面加介词of原文即atthethoughtoftheirpoorequipment14、gooutofonesway刻意intentionallyeyecatching引人注目的15、thereallivingconditions真实生存状况16、nowadays插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末17、exceptfor把其中的一部分扣除18、tendtobe倾向于19、settlement生存地、驻扎地20、cutoff=whicharecutoff21、flearidden跳蚤22、astheywere可以这么说，插入语还有asitwereThisbookis,asitwere,hislifeportrait.这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。23、local当地的24、wine低度酒alcohol酒精alcoholic酒鬼25、boast拥有priest牧师shepherd牧羊人invariably=allthesame26、dirtandpoverty，andveryuncomfortable（结构不符合习惯，不可学）27、course一道菜28、musthavebeen表推测29、beaccustomedto,beusedto+名词、动名词IamusedtothelifeinBejing.IamusedtolivinginBejing.30、早餐：scratchameal中午餐：snack快餐晚餐：dinner31、thechangetoEducationbringsgreatchangetohisoutlook/viewonlife.教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。L 4 Seeing Hands1、Perceive察觉，瞬间感觉到的tomakeout费尽心机辨出Ilookedthoroughlyformyelderlymother,finallyImakeherout.Yeah,Iremembered,Ifinallymakehimout.Iperceiveaflyinmyteacup.2、elbowonesway(用肘)挤出elbowoneswayoutofthecrowed.挤出人群L5 No Room in the Ark（goodarticle:fivestars该文写得不错。）the+n.(s)表示一类:thegorilla(s)scene场景intheAfricanscene:Africaasthebackgroundgatherpalace聚集地somethingofaparadox自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观点）contradictoryideasabouthim主题句：Onethinksoneknowshimverywell.问题：Yetthefactisweknowverylittleaboutgorillas.Theirideasvary。人们对他的观点相差很大。Forahundredyearsormore一百年甚至更多（包括一百年）Formorethanonehundredyears一百多年西方，动物一般用人称代替。本文中，gorillas用him代替。另外有catshe,doghe.imprisoned关起来圈养bemountedinnaturalhistorymuseums陈列在自然历史博物馆重点句型：Heexertastrongfascinationupon(on)Sb.施加给人们强大的魅力exerton施加（压力）imposeon,例如imposeinfluenceon,imposepressureon上句可表示为HehaveastrongfascinationforSb.或ThegorillaisalwaysfascinatingtoSb.alikeadv.相同，一样adj.只能做表语。例如：Thetwoarealike.这两人真像。形容词只要以a开头，99.99%都做表语。不能做定语词。例如：asleep,awake,afloat等Heisthestereotypedmonsterofthehorrorfilmsandtheadventurebooks.stereotypedoldtime老样子horrorfilms恐怖片film(英)movie(美)thestereotypedmonster经典模式省略主语and(heis)anobvious()linkwithourancestralpastlinkwith与相联系ourancestralpast(n.)throughnotperhapsstriklyscientific尽管话说回来，不是严格的科学概念through引导的从句主语和主句相同，可以省略。Eg:Iarrivedatthemeeting,though(Iwas)late.Yet与however，表示转折，意思完全相同。但yet用在句首，however加标点，可以用在自由位置。重要句型：NoreallysatisfactoryphotographhaseverbeentakenofoneinTakepicture/photograph照相ofone定语后置，satisfactoryphotographofone。主要是为了句子的平衡。One指gorillainawildstate在野生状态下keeptheunderobservation把某事处于观察之下keepthecityclean保持城市清洁closeandconstantobservation持续不断的观察Eg:Ihavetokeeptheboyunderclosecontrol.Tocontroltheboyverystrikly.插入语：howeverintrepid=nomatterhowintrepid无论多么英勇Eg:Noman,howeverintelligent,isperfect.Nopalace,howeverpeacefulandtranquil,isaparadise.liesburiedhereamongtheanimalshelovedsowell埋葬在他所钟爱的动物中间形容词做状语：lieawake,liecrouchedlifespan寿命howlongthegorillalives因为猩猩的寿命客观存在，所以live用一般现代时。Organsdecay器官衰竭Nor引导否定并列句，与unable并列生活方式：groupliving,individualliving智力：intelligenceIQ,intelligenceqoutientCIAtheCentralIntelligenceAgencyofAmericaCIDCriminalinvestigationDivision重案组，罪犯调查科Allthisandmanyotherthingremain(amostasmuch)amystery(as)theywere.asmuchas同thesameasremainamysterythesameastheywere.Heisasmuchamusicianasawriter.=Heisbothamusicianandawriter.civilizedworld文明世界savagedworld野生世界civilized:togetawayfromwildlife中文中的文明单位不能用civilized,应该用model或pacesettingunitImapacesoldiery。我是排头兵。TheAbominableSnowmanwhohauntstheimaginationofclimbersintheHimalayasishardlymoreelusive.那萦绕在喜马拉雅山爬山者脑海中的那种令人难以捉摸的雪人，看起来也不一定比我们研究的大猩猩更加令人费尽心思。（通过侧面比较，引出结论，一种有用的写作方法）AbominableSnowman作比较，省略gorillaL 6 Youthsb.takeleavetodosth.允许某人做某事，冒昧做某事getdowntosth.认真研究getdownto+名词动名词glorious光辉灿烂的rub难题teenager青少年foronething原因之一，有一点是连接词foranotheridentity身份airoffreedom无拘无束air:神态、气势dreary沉郁的ambition追名逐利cosmicbeing宇宙人humanbeing人violent强烈的，暴力的suburban见识不广的，有偏见的conceited自高自大的presumptuous自以为是的，放肆的fatuous愚蠢的clich陈词滥调Itakeleavetosay我冒昧地说Itakeleavetobefrank恕我直言。口语：maybeImtooboldor.Imboldenoughor.AllowmyselftosayTakeonesleave=takeleave离开（正式用法）Wouldyoupleasetakeyourleave?我很烦的几种表示法：Whatabore.Whatanuisance.WhatatrialWhatajerk.getdownto+名词/动名词例：我开始学习了。Igetdowntomystudies.Igetdowntolearningmybook.to-介词同义词：beengagedingloriousgloryn.光荣（rosy,shining,brilliant,magnificent,gorgeous）inonesglory:在某人的鼎盛时期inonesdayinonesgoldendaysinonesprimetimeintheprideofonesliferub摩擦atodds有矛盾havewordswithsb.和拌嘴Doyougettherub?Doyougetthepicture?Doyoucatchme?Doyougetme?Whatstherange?问年龄Teenager14到18Underthirteen.Adolescent:13到16Juvenile青少年Youth20到30Air:神态（多用复数）Healwaysputsonairs.摆谱Arrogantairs:傲气Bureaucraticairs:官气Finickyairs娇气Dreary同:drearisomea.无味，无聊Sterile:枯燥无味Monotonous:乏味无聊Gloomy：沉闷Lifeless:无生气的haveambitionforgoingabroad/togaoabroad.Fish(wealthandfame)Chase(fameandgains)PursueCosmic宇宙Cosmonaut宇航员=astronautAstro-/aster天体DisasterCosmicplace:大都市Metropolis:大都市Violentnonviolence非暴力狂风：violentwind暴死：violentdeathvehement猛烈的同义词：turbulenttumultuoussuburb郊区urbane:有礼貌的short-sighted目光短浅的narroe-minded/small-mindedinsular绝缘，目光短浅的provincialconceited自高自大的骄傲的conceit(n.)pride自豪big-headed头发胀的cocky自负的chicken胆小鬼sweller膨胀的over-confidentpeoplearealwaystalkingabouttheproblemofyouth.Aretalking_到目前为止一直讨论theproblemofyouth加引号，引用。-whichItakeleavetodoubt插入语我冒昧的说，表示怀疑-Ifthereisany,同样表示怀疑straightforward开门见山itisolderpeoplewhocreatit.强调句letus(speakerexclusive)Lets(speakerinclusive)getdowntofundamentalsfundamental=basic基本的fundamentalist信奉正统基督教的人afterall退一步like(介词)省略了谓语arepeoplearejustlijetheireldersgloriousfuture光辉的未来splendidfuture光辉的未来（已过去的，对老年人而言）wheretherubis症结所在，问题就出在这hatred:憎恨ironical讽刺的，用反语的uncertain后面省略用法Iwouldhavebeen虚拟语气Something重要的东西Youaresomebody.你是重要人物So.as后置定语出色：outstandingstandout站出来，鹤立鸡群cutfigure崭露头角oneofthethings正是其中之一seeking=lookingforexciting令人激动的airoffreedom无拘无束=carefree,freedomfromcarecommitment专注(to+名词/动名词)love=seek追求mean意味着，小气卑鄙=disgustinganxious虎视眈眈的polish擦，磨applepolisher溜须拍马bootlicker拍马屁者nodevotionto热爱（贬）materialthings物质享受tome在我看来（插入语）life生机lifeless没生机的，死气沉沉的linkwith把什么联系起来origin起源original原本的asif虚拟假设insomesence可以这么说吧（插入语）incontrastwith与比较violent强烈=stronglovely生动的，完美的后置的同位语-suburbancreatures前面用得是cosmicbeingsmediocre平庸的idol偶像idiot傻瓜conceited自负ill-mannered粗暴presumptuous自以为是的fatuous愚蠢无比的turnforprotectionto寻求保护turnto求助dreary=boringclich沉郁的clich陈词滥调，老生常谈L7 The Sports Spiritgoodwilln.友好prestigen.声誉cricketn.板球disgracevt.使丢脸inclinationn.意愿savagen.野性的contestn.比赛combativea.好斗的orgyn.恣意，放荡franklyad.坦率地deducevt.推断mimica.与.极相似competitivea.竞争性的behaveiour行动pickup随意挑选spectatotorn.观众siden.队o.引起注意patriotismn.地方观念爱国主义furyn.狂热involvevt.卷入absurda.荒唐的atanyrate无论,至少.Notesonthevocabulariesgoodwill=friendshipn.友好goodwillgames:友好运动会goodwillvisit:友好访问payagoodwillvisittoofficialvisit:官方正式访问statevisit:国事访问cricketn.板球asmerryasacricket(蟋蟀)形容心情高兴，快乐无比inclinationn.意愿inclinev.beinclinedtodosth表示强烈的意愿Iaminclinedtotaketoefl.willingshowinclinationtofollowonesinclination随心所欲contestn.比赛近义词：competitiongamematchtournamentracecontest:agroupofjudgesbeautycontest选美比赛competition:socially抽象使用Socialcompetitionisfierce.Dogeatdog.人吃人。形容竞争激烈。game:physically,mentallymatch:quiteimportantChinawonthe2002WorldCupmatch.tournament:淘汰赛，巡回赛。race:以速度见长cycleracing自行车比赛carracing赛车orgyn.恣意，放荡revelryin狂欢Irevelryinmysuccess.onaspreeTpetitivecombative-贬义词同aggressivecompetitive-褒义词中性词competitor-竞争者competewithsb.forsth.pickup随意挑选side队patriotismn.地方观众，爱国主义patriot:爱国者patriotic:爱国的involvevt.卷入involveoneselfinscandalbeinvolvedinprestigen.声誉prestigiousa.享有声誉的Qinghuauniversityisveryprestigious.近义词：famerenown(renowned著名的)reputationeminencedisgracevt.使丢脸grace,graceful-gracelessdisgraceful丢脸Youressayisveryguaceful.fame-defamehonor-dishonorstigmaa(污点)vt.stigmatizeRobberystigmatizeshim.savagen.野性的inhuman残忍无比nonhuman（非人类的）mercy-mercilessruth-ruthlessbeastlycombativea.好斗的franklyad.坦率地Franklyspeaking(Tobefrank)坦白的说candid坦白的straightly直率的mimica.与相似mimic-只用作定语similar-可作定语和表语Ourideasaresimilar.Wehavesimilarideas.alike-只作表语Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。behaviour行动举止Behaveoneself.规矩点儿。attituden.态度spectatorn.观众audience听众audial听visualspectacle:壮丽景色；眼镜viewer电视观众workinto引起注意into后接表示感情的词furyn.狂热furiousa.强于anger,annoyance,aggravationrage-suddenly&quicklyabsurda.荒唐的近义词illogicalirrationalsenselessridiculousr开头的形容词的反义词前面加irl开头的形容词的反义词前面加ilatanyrate无论，至少atleastNotesonthetextamazed:surprised,astound,astonished前两个词都可以用作表语和主谓宾结构，后两个词只有表语结构。Thenewssurprisedme.Iwassurprisedbythenews.Iamastonishedtohearthenews.YoushouldnotsayThenewsastonishedme.hear(watch,notice,see)sb.do/doingifonly:1.表虚拟，当真好讲,后面无任何主从句。IfonlyIhadapairofwings.我要有双翅膀就好了。IfonlyIcouldflytothemoon.2.作为条件句aslongas，后面须有主句。deduce:推导thebackgroundofthe1936OlympicGames:二战时在德国柏林举行，希特勒举办的目的为了宣传他的nationalsupremacy(民主优越性)。然而，事与愿违，本届奥运会出现了一位独领风骚的田径大王美国黑人运动员，杰西欧文斯，他共获得4枚金牌，让希特勒disgrace(颜面尽失)，后人评论the1936OlympinGamesisamistake,而且称为politicaltragedy,影射希特勒的种族歧视，导致极端的仇恨，引发二战。neaglyall基本肯定green:绿地aroused:被激发起来frankly:真正的mimicwarfare:模拟战争battlefield-fighttowin,commander,doyourutmost,blood,loselife,machinegunssportfieldplaytowin,coach,doyourbest,sweat,loselife,handlegfootfuryover对愤怒virtue:qualityL 8 Educationlaundryn.洗衣店customarya.通常的，司空见惯的canvt.把.装罐factorn.事实，因素preservevt.腌制drawvt.挣得pursuevt.从事，进行substantiala.相当的traden.手艺accruevi.增长occupationn.