英语：2010年高考阅读理解解题技巧(细节理解题).pdf

翰林院教育翰林院教育 阜阳分校阜阳分校拼 奇迹 全力以赴拼 奇迹 全力以赴 2012012012012 2 2 2年高考阅读理解年高考阅读理解年高考阅读理解年高考阅读理解细节理解题解题细节理解题解题细节理解题解题细节理解题解题技巧技巧技巧技巧 一 题型特点与命题方式一 题型特点与命题方式一 题型特点与命题方式一 题型特点与命题方式 所谓细节题 是指原文提到了某事物 现象或理论 题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问 一般包括直接理解题 在直接理解题 在 原文中可直接找到答案 常用原文中可直接找到答案 常用 who who who who what what what what when when when when where where where where whywhywhywhy 和和 howhowhowhow 等提问等提问 语义转化题 需要将题目信息与原文相 语义转化题 需要将题目信息与原文相 关信息进行语义上的转换关信息进行语义上的转换 两者存在表达上的差异两者存在表达上的差异 有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论 数字计算题数字计算题 排列顺排列顺 序题 图表图画题等序题 图表图画题等 抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键 也是做好其它类型问题的基础 这类题型的题 干常为 When Where did the story happen Which of thefollowing statements is not correct Which of thefollowing statements is not mentionedinthe passage Which is the right order of the events giveninthe passage All the statementsare trueexcept 该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息 或是其变体 所以 搜查信息在阅读中非常重要 它包 括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实 数据 图表等细节信息 在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展 开的细节 做这类题一般采用寻读法 即先读题 然后带着问题快速阅读短文 找出与问题有关的词语或句子 再对做这类题一般采用寻读法 即先读题 然后带着问题快速阅读短文 找出与问题有关的词语或句子 再对做这类题一般采用寻读法 即先读题 然后带着问题快速阅读短文 找出与问题有关的词语或句子 再对做这类题一般采用寻读法 即先读题 然后带着问题快速阅读短文 找出与问题有关的词语或句子 再对 相关部分进行分析对比 找出答案相关部分进行分析对比 找出答案相关部分进行分析对比 找出答案相关部分进行分析对比 找出答案 二 解题思路与应试技巧二 解题思路与应试技巧二 解题思路与应试技巧二 解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节 某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题 正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到 即原 文的改写往往成为正确选项 通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征 1 1 1 1 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换 把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词 成为正确选项 2 2 2 2 词性或者语态的变化 词性或者语态的变化 词性或者语态的变化 词性或者语态的变化 把原文中的一些词变换一下词性 或者改变原文句子的语态 给考生制造障碍 3 3 3 3 语言简化 语言简化 语言简化 语言简化 把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化 成为正确答案 4 4 4 4 正话反说 正话反说 正话反说 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项 适用于寻找错误选项的题目 干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题 若不仔细辨别 很容易把它当成正确选项 干扰项有以下特征 干扰项有以下特征 干扰项有以下特征 干扰项有以下特征 1 1 1 1 将原文内容扩大或缩小 将原文内容扩大或缩小 将原文内容扩大或缩小 将原文内容扩大或缩小 把原文中的限定词去掉或替换 使该选项看似正确 实际上却是错误选项 2 2 2 2 把未然当已然 把未然当已然 把未然当已然 把未然当已然 改变文中某句话的时态 如把将来时变成现在时 把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情 3 3 3 3 无中生有 无中生有 无中生有 无中生有 即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论 而文中并未涉及 4 4 4 4 偷换概念 偷换概念 偷换概念 偷换概念 把原来做该事的 张三 换成 李四 所述细节确实与原文一致 一不小心就会误选 5 5 5 5 文不对题 文不对题 文不对题 文不对题 这类题最不容易辨别 选项中的描述与原文完全一致 确属原文中的一个细节 这时要回到题干 看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题 下面结合最新高考试题 对细节题的不同类型加以解读 1 1 1 1 直接信息题 直接信息题 对此类题型 考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词 然后以此为线索 运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一 细节 找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍 仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别 在准确理解细节的前提下 最后确定最佳答案 2009 湖南卷 B 篇 61 How long doesittakethe battery to chargeup an iPhone A 15 minutes B 30 minutes C 1 5 hours D 3 hours 解析 A 直接信息题 快速查找题干中的关键词 How long charge up iPhone 由第一段第一句 Just plug RichardSolo 1800 into your iPhone onceor twice a day for fifteen minutes and keep your iPhone charged up 可以得出答案为 A 2009 陕西卷 B 篇 46 Edmonds entered the world of politics first as A news secretary for a congressman B a speechwriter for President Clinton C newssecretaryintheWhite House D a speechwriter forSecretary Donna Shalala 翰林院教育翰林院教育 阜阳分校阜阳分校拼 奇迹 全力以赴拼 奇迹 全力以赴 解析 A 直接信息题 快速查找题干中的关键词 theworld of politics 在第三段第二句话找到相关信息 He joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman 国会议员 from Baltimore During Bill Clinton s presidency 因此答案为 A 2 2 2 2 间接信息题 间接信息题 做这类题目时 考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理 然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别 这是介于事实细节题和推 理判断题之间的一种题型 对考生来说有一定难度 考例 2009 山东卷 A 篇 57 Which of thefollowing is trueof the Hatches A They had their children during the Great Depression B They left the family farm to liveinan old house C They gave away their possessions to their neighbors D They helped their neighbors to find jobs 解析 C 间接信息题 第四段第一句话说 Hatch 夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的 Children of theGreat Depression Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of saving 而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子 排除 A 第三段提到他们的老房子 位于他们家的农场里 B 错误 第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们 但未提及帮助他们找工作 D 项错误 C 项说 Hatch 夫妇把他们的钱全都赠给了他们的邻居们 符合文意 3 3 3 3 数字计算题 数字计算题 数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容 此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实 有的要经过具体的计算 才能够得出正确的答案 具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算 月份的计算或比例的计算等 文章中经常会出现许多数 字 它们对解题产生一定的影响 解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意 然后经过对比 分析 计算等就能够 得出正确的答案 考例 2009 福建卷 B 篇 61 Theforeign drivers who break thetraffic law and do not pay on thespot are likely to be fined up to A 60B 300C 900D 980 解析 D 依据文章第一段可知 这种罚款可高达 900 英镑 Foreign drivers will have to pay on the spot fines of up to 900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month 再依据第二段 If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card their vehicles will be clamped 扣留 until they pay and they will facean additional fee of 80 for getting back their vehicles 可知本题选 D 即当场不能交罚款的外国司机罚款的费用是 900 80 980 英镑 4 4 4 4 排列顺序题排列顺序题 这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系 找出事件发生的正确顺序 做这种题时可采 用 首尾定位法 即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件 迅速缩小选择范围 从而快速选出正确答案 考例 2009 湖北卷 D 篇 64 Which order of stepsis followedincarrying out the project A Assessment Prototype Design Construction B Assessment Design Prototype Construction C Design Assessment Prototype Construction D Design Prototype Assessment Construction 解析 D 请看文章第二段 Gerner manages schoolfacilities 设施 for Clark County Nevada a district roughly thesize of Massachusetts By 2018 143 000 additional students will enter the already crowded public education system Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes 样品 they plan to construct their schools startingin2009 The district will then assess how well the schools perform and three winners will copy those designs in50 to 70 new buildings 根据第二段的描述 工程的实施应按照 设计 提供样品 评估 建设 的程序 其它程序都不符合标准的建筑 要求 2008 福建卷 A 篇 59 What s theright order of theevents related to Tanni a Sheworks as a coach b Shetook up athletics 翰林院教育翰林院教育 阜阳分校阜阳分校拼 奇迹 全力以赴拼 奇迹 全力以赴 c Shewon four gold medalsinBarcelona d Shecompetedinher first Paralympic Games e Sheachieved avictoryinher first London Wheelchair Marathon A b d c e aB a d b c e C a d c e bD b d a e c 解析 A 排列顺序题 本题要求判断各个事件的先后顺序 观察文章的 2 6 段 注意几个表示时间的词 组 1984 1988 1992 inthe sameyear 2007 可帮助考生迅速找到答案 5 5 5 5 图 图表表图画题图画题 在有图表图画的阅读理解中 有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中 有的出现在选项中 这些图片的出现增加了 试题的直观性 同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息 在解答此类试题的时候 一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息 特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的 我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法 考例 2009 安徽卷 D 篇 71 Thechart shows that from 2005 to 2008 A the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose35 points B the percentage of theWhite families with a computer remained unchanged C the number of the Black families with a computer wason thedecrease D thenumber of theAsian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase 解析 D 请看原文中的柱形图 由柱形图可以清楚地看出 拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加 其他三项表述都与图表不符 故 D 项正确 2007 江苏卷 C 篇 65 Thepackagefee does NOT cover thecost of 解析 A 所给的四幅图画分别代表了 住宿 交通 游览 和 餐饮 根据文章中 All Fee s Included No Hidden Cost 可知这次游览的费用都包含在 Package Fee 里面 没有其它暗含的费用 但是由于这是一个总共 5 7 小时的游览 下午乘飞机返回还不耽误吃晚饭和看日落 intime for dinner and sunset 可知是不需要住宿的 因此 住 宿 的费用不包含在整个费用之内 翰林院教育翰林院教育 阜阳分校阜阳分校拼 奇迹 全力以赴拼 奇迹 全力以赴 针对性针对性练习 练习 1 1 1 1 Most people who enjoy movies do not really care how they are made They just want to enjoy a good story Movie producer and director George Lucas wants people to see the best made movies So his latest movieStarWarswas made without using film StarWarswas made using digital cameras Adigital camera does not use traditional film It captures images on videotape Theimages recorded on videotape are theplacedinacomputer George Lucas says that using digital cameras permits him to have much more control over the final product For example the image can be changed afteritis placedina computer Anexpert can change color add or take out objects add people or beings who are not real Much of what is seeninthe new movieStarWarsis not real Huge buildings spacecraft and alien beings from other worlds were producedina computer Movie experts say digital technology is the real futureof the motion picture industry Atheater will no longer have to wait days or weeks to show a new movie Theaters will be able to receive copies of new movies by linking computers Or they will usesmall computer disks to get a copy of the movie When the new movieStarWarswas released last month only 94 theaters around the world had the digital equipment needed to show it So Mr Lucas company produced about 6 000 copies of the new digital movie on traditional film for release inmost theaters However most people who have seen the movie say these film copies are of much better quality than other filmed movies Critics say the new digital technology is very costly Many theater owners will not buy the new technology yet many of the people who worked on the new movieStarWarssay they would not like to work with film again They said using digital equipment was faster and videotape is much less costly than film One cameraman said the director of a movie can immediately see what was just recorded something impossible to do with film 1 According to GeorgeLucas what makes thebest made movies possible A Agood story B Film C Digital cameras D Videotape 2 Which is NOT truefor the real futureof the motion picture industry according to movie experts A Linking computers forcopies of new movies B Showing filmed moviesintheaters C Using small computer disks to get acopy of the movie D Having thedigital equipment needed to show themovie 3 According to the passage which is trueabout thenew movieStarWars A Thereareabout 6 000 copies of the new digital movie B It has been showninonly 94 theaters around the world C It is the best among filmed movies D It is theproduct of thenew digital technology Entirely absolutelypossible perhaps might still 4 Which of the following is NOT theadvantages of the new digital movie A Thedirector can have theobjects and people added or taken out B It will be moreconvenient for theaters to get such kind of new movies C Peopleallagree that the new digital movies are less costly than thefilmed movies D Thedirector can monitor therecording and check what wasrecorded just now 2 2 2 2 As the US wakes up to China s rising status as an economic and strategic competitor US parents are urging their children to learn Chinese reportsJulian Borger TheUS is being swept by a rush to learn Mandarin from wealthy NewYorkmothershiring Chinese nannies 保姆 for their small children to a defencedepartment education projectinOregon Theforces driving Mandarin s momentum 势头 are parental ambition for children facing a futureinwhich China is almost certain to be a major player and the government is worried about that America may get left behindinthat new world 翰林院教育翰林院教育 阜阳分校阜阳分校拼 奇迹 全力以赴拼 奇迹 全力以赴 The bottleneck is the supply of teachers Mandarin instructors are difficult to import and difficult to train There are visa problemsinbringing over teachers from China but the biggest barrier is cultural TeachinginAsia is generally done by rote and the changeto western interactive styles of instruction can be a large leap On the other hand itrequires enormous firmness for westerners to learn a language like Chinese with its thousands of written characters According to the Asia SocietyinNew York allof America s teacher training institutions turn out only a couple of dozen homegrown Mandarin teachers One way to ease the shortage is to find native Mandarin speakers and use fast track methods to train them However the majority of Chinese Americans grew up speaking Cantonese the dialect spokeninHong Kong where their parents camefrom Many are themselves signing on as Mandarin studentsat the private language schools springing up on the west coast 1 Why are US parents so eager to make their children learn Mandarin A They areurged by the government to do so B They are afraid to be left behind by other parents C They believe China will play a major roleinthe futureworld D They arejust carried away by Mandarin s momentum 2 Theunderlined word rote inthe4th paragraph probably refers to a teaching pattern which A focuseson memory work B allows the studentsto think independently C is centered on interactive skills D puts much emphasis on examinations 3 What is the main problemintheMandarin s momentuminthe US A Thelack of qualified teachers B Thecultural barrier between the east and west C TheAmericans lack of firmness D Themany written Chinesecharacters 3 3 3 3 AboutAboutAboutAboutTheTheTheThe NewNewNewNewYorkerYorkerYorkerYorker The New Yorkeris the eclectic magazine for readers interestedinthe arts current events and culture The New Yorker includes articles on domestic and international news exploring current ideas and trends plus sports fashion and entertainment events In addition TheNew Yorkeris well known for publishing outstanding short fiction and cartoons with an ironic twist PlayboyPlayboyPlayboyPlayboy 1Year 12 Issues CoverCoverCoverCoverPrice Price Price Price 72 88 YourYourYourYourPrice Price Price Price 15 96 AboutAboutAboutAboutPlayboyPlayboyPlayboyPlayboy Playboyis a magazine of literature political thought sports commentary and humor AlthoughPlayboyis most well known for its pictorials of beautiful women itis also highly regarded for its interviews and fiction writing Playboyincludes regular feature articles on finance sports entertainment self improvement technology and psychology You must be 18 or older to orderPlayboy NickelodeonNickelodeonNickelodeonNickelodeon 1Year 10 Issues TheTheTheTheNewNewNewNew YorkerYorkerYorkerYorker 1Year 46 Issues CoverCoverCoverCoverPrice Price Price Price 194 70 YourYourYourYourPrice Price Price Price 46 00 翰林院教育翰林院教育 阜阳分校阜阳分校拼 奇迹 全力以赴拼 奇迹 全力以赴 CoverCoverCoverCoverPrice Price Price Price 39 90 YourYourYourYourPrice Price Price Price 19 97 AboutAboutAboutAboutNickelodeonNickelodeonNickelodeonNickelodeon Nickelodeonis filled with wonderful entertainment for children It is wholesome imaginative and truly from a child s point of view Nickelodeonsees the world from your child s perspective whereit s fun to laugh to think to do to learn Sharethe award winning entertainment and humor magazine fromNickelodeonwith your kids LuckyLuckyLuckyLucky 1Year 12 Issues CoverCoverCoverCoverPrice Price Price Price 35 40 YourYourYourYourPrice Price Price Price 15 00 AboutAboutAboutAboutLuckyLuckyLuckyLucky Luckyis the ultimate shopping magazine with the best looks the best buys and the best trends before theyhitthe stores But what makes really unique isallthe detailed information you llget on how to purchase the merchandise you llfind Lucky provides you with 800 numbers web site addresses and moreto make your shopping experience easy and convenient Luckyis your one stop shopping guide toallthe greatest new products on the market What s more itprovides wonderful entertainment for women 1 Which magazine gives buyersthe largest priceadvantageinpercentage A TheNewYorkerB PlayboyC NickelodeonD Lucky 2 If you are ahousewife which magazine will you probably buy A TheNewYorkerB PlayboyC NickelodeonD Lucky 3 If you are asked to choose a magazine fora little boy which one do you think is suitable A TheNewYorkerB PlayboyC NickelodeonD Lucky 4 What information is containedinallthefour magazines A SportsB NewsC EntertainmentD Trends 5 For each issue which magazine is thecheapest according to the advertisement A TheNewYorkerB PlayboyC NickelodeonD Lucky 4 4 4 4 Happiness pays off studies show Psychologists seeking the real secrets of happiness report that very happy people tend to be more extroverted and agreeable than less happy people Our findings suggest that very happy people have rich and satisfying social relationships and spend little time alone relative to average people write psychologists Ed Diener and MartinE P Seligmaninthe journal Psychological Science Solid social relationships do not promise happiness but they are an important contributing factor The very happy people whom the authors studiedallsaid they had good quality social relationships However the authors write there is no single key to high happiness High happiness seems to be like beautiful symphonic 交响乐 music including many instruments without any onebeing enough for thebeautiful quality Diener regards happiness as subjective 主观的 well being inother words the person evaluates 评估 his or her own quality of life Thequestion to ask is Is my life going well according to the standards I chooseto use If the answer is yes then that person is judged to behappy Becausepeople evaluate their lives based on happiness subjective well being is ver