语言学树形图.doc

树形图详细讲解1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual Vb) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det Nc) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det Nd) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) full of people AP A P N full of peopleb) a story about a sentimental girlNP NP PP Det N P NP Det A Na story about a sentimental girlc) often read detective stories VP ADV V NP A Noften read detective storiesd) the argument against the proposalsNP NP PP Det N P NP Det Nthe argument against the proposalse) move towards the window VPV PP P Det Nmove towards the window3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landedb) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg AMary became very illc) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P NWhat will you e talk about ed) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det NThe apple might hit the manORInflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N V NP Det NThe apple might hit the mane) He often reads detective stories. S NP VP N Qual V NP A NHe often reads detective storiesOR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Pres N Qual V NP A NHe often reads detective stories4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V NP Det A NA frightened passenger landed the crippled airplaneb) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PP P NP Det A NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PP P NP Det NAn unusual event occurred before the meetingd) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A NP Pst V PP A N P NP Det A NA quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S) NP VP N Aux V NP Det A NP N CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsORInflP(=S) NP VP N Infl V NP Det A NP N CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsORInflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pres VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsd) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in. S S CON S NP VP NP VP Det N V Adv Det A N V AdvThe detective went out and the mysterious man came ine) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt. S NP VP CP N V C S S CON S NP VP NP VP N Aux V Det N Aux VCrusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war. S NP VP CP N V C S NP VPNP N V N You know that I hate war OR CP C InflP(=S) NP Infl VP CP N Pres V C S NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate warb) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over. S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP Det N VL AHe said that Tom asked whether the class was overc) Gerry cant believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. S NP VP N VP NP CP Aux Neg V NP C S Det N NP VP N V NP Det A N Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English examd) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. S NP VP CP N VL A C S NP VP Det N V NP NP N Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. S NP VP CP Det N VP C S V P NP VP N V NP N The children argued over whether bats had wings7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was too long. Deep structureCP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP Infl VP N V NP N The essay he wrote that was too long Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP NP Infl VP N N Pst V NP N The essay that he wrote e was too longb) The dog that he keeps bites. Deep structureCP C S NP VP Det N CP V C Infl S Pres NP VP N V NP N The dog he keeps that bites Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V C S NP NP Infl VP N N Pres V NP N The dog that he keeps e bitesc) Herbert found the man she loved. Deep structureCP C S NP VP N Infl V NP CP Det N C S NP Infl VP NP N V N Herbert found the man she loved who Surface Structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP CP Det N S C NP Infl VP NP NP N V N N Herbert found the man (whom) she loved ed) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. Deep structureCP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP C Infl S N NP VP PP N Adv VP NP V P N The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics Surface StructureCP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP C S N NP NP Infl VP PP N N Adv VP NP V P N The girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) Would you come tomorrow? Deep structureCP C S VP NP Adv N Infl V you would come tomorrow Surface structureCP C S VP NP Adv Infl N Infl V would you e come tomorrowb) Can you pass me the newspaper?Deep structureCP C S VP NP NP NP N Infl V N Det N you can pass me the newspaper Surface structureCP C S VP Infl NP NP NP N Infl V N Det N Can you e pass me the newspaper c) Should the students repor