耶鲁公开课心理学导论16中英字幕.doc

Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.33,0:00:17.89, 在以后的两节课里 我们将讨论有关社会心理学的内容 This is going to begin a two-lecture sequence on social psychology onDialogue: 0,0:00:17.89,0:00:22.27, 有关我们如何看待自己 如何看待看待他人 how we think about ourselves, how we think about other people,Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.27,0:00:24.56, 如何看待其他群体的成员 how we think about other groups of people.Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.04,0:00:29.23, 我们已经讨论过很多人类心理能力 Weve talked a lot about the capacitiesDialogue: 0,0:00:29.23,0:00:32.69, 其中一些能力包括 of the human mind and some of these capacitiesDialogue: 0,0:00:32.69,0:00:37.43, 适应和处理物质世界的 involve adapting and dealing with the material world.Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.43,0:00:42.39, 因此我们必须选择食物 必须在世界中漫游 So, we have to choose foods, we have to navigate around the world,Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.39,0:00:44.02, 必须识别物体 we have to recognize objects,Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.02,0:00:49.32, 必须能够理解自然界的相互作用 we have to be able to understand physical interactions.Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.32,0:00:51.87, 但可能我们进化成的心理 But probably the most interesting aspect ofDialogue: 0,0:00:51.87,0:00:57.31, 最有趣的方面是我们能够理解他人 与他人打交道 our evolved minds is our capacity to understand and deal with other people.Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.31,0:01:03.11, 我们对他人如何工作非常感兴趣 We are intensely interested in how other people work.Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.11,0:01:10.06, 二零零五年有个大新闻 The story that was a dominant news story in 2005 was this.Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.28,0:01:14.03, 你们中的一些人 那些看不到屏幕的人 And some of you-this-for those of you who arent seeing the screen,Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.03,0:01:18.26, 这是有关詹妮弗安妮丝顿和布拉德皮特的离婚案 is the separation of Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt.Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.69,0:01:21.79, 我还记得我第一次听说这事是在什么地方 I remember where I was when I first heard about this.Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.83,0:01:30.40, 这非常有趣 就是记得 作为心理学家 And its an interesting sight. Just remember-stepping back. As psychologistsDialogue: 0,0:01:30.40,0:01:33.59, 我们必须对肯定的事情提出疑问 我们要质疑所谓的常识 we have to question the natural. We have to take thingsDialogue: 0,0:01:33.59,0:01:38.58, 并研究它们 刚刚发生的事情是 that are commonsense and explore them. And one thing which just happens is,Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.58,0:01:40.06, 我们为这些事情所着迷 were fascinated by this stuff.Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.06,0:01:42.80, 我们对名人的生活感兴趣 Were fascinated by the lives of celebrities.Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.80,0:01:45.77, 我们对他人的社会生活非常感兴趣 Were fascinated by the social lives of other people.Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.77,0:01:50.50, 为什么会这样呢 这是个有趣的问题 And its an interesting question to ask why.Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.34,0:01:52.86, 这是我将在之后两节课中 And this is one of the questionsDialogue: 0,0:01:52.86,0:01:56.45, 会讲到的问题之一 which Im going to deal with in the next couple of lecturesDialogue: 0,0:01:56.45,0:01:59.95, 但在我开始讲社会心理学理论之前 but before I get to the theory of social psychologyDialogue: 0,0:01:59.95,0:02:02.67, 我想先讨论一项个体差异 I want to talk about an individual difference.Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.67,0:02:07.07, 几周前我们用了一节课的时间 So, we devoted a lecture early on-of a couple of weeks ago,Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.07,0:02:12.17, 讲述人与人之间智力和人格上的个体差异 to individual differences across people in intelligence and personality.Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.17,0:02:17.06, 我想讲有关人在社会属性方面的差异 I want to talk a little bit about an individual difference in our social naturesDialogue: 0,0:02:17.06,0:02:20.34, 然后给大家做个测验 and then I want people to do a test that will exploreDialogue: 0,0:02:20.34,0:02:23.03, 看看你们处于什么位置 where you stand on a continuum.Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.03,0:02:26.46, 你面前放着的那张纸就是测验 That test is the piece of paper you have in front of you.Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.46,0:02:28.94, 没有拿到的同学请举手 Anybody who doesnt have it please raise your handDialogue: 0,0:02:28.94,0:02:30.92, 助教会发给你 and one of the teaching fellows will bring it to you.Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.92,0:02:35.00, 不要着急 你现在还不知道怎么做 You dont know what to do yet with it so dont worry.Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:37.99, 这个测试是马尔科姆格拉德威尔 The test was developed actually by Malcolm GladwellDialogue: 0,0:02:37.99,0:02:43.49, 他是一位科普作家 在他著作引爆流行中开发的 who is a science writer- in his wonderful book The Tipping Point.Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.49,0:02:45.41, 格拉德威尔在测验介绍中 And as he introduces the test,Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.41,0:02:50.70, 他详述了斯坦利米尔格拉姆的另一个实验 Gladwell recounts another experiment done by Stanley Milgram,Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.70,0:02:55.11, 当然米尔格拉姆因服从实验闻名 但他也做了很多有趣的事 of course famous for his obedience work but he did a lot of interesting things.Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.11,0:03:03.33, 在一项经典实验中 他将包裹给从内布拉斯加州的奥马哈人中 And one classic study he did was he gave a package to 160 people randomly chosenDialogue: 0,0:03:03.33,0:03:11.29, 随机挑选的一百六十人 然后让这些人无论如何将包裹送给 in Omaha, Nebraska and he asked these people to get the package somehowDialogue: 0,0:03:11.29,0:03:14.15, 这在很多年前 还没有因特网 and this was many years ago before the internet,Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.15,0:03:19.97, 没有电邮 要将包裹送到一个在波士顿工作 before e-mail?To get the package to a stockbroker who worked in BostonDialogue: 0,0:03:19.97,0:03:23.13, 却住在马萨诸塞州雪伦市的股票经纪人 but lived in Sharon, Massachusetts.Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.13,0:03:26.90, 他发现大多数人竟然做到了 What he found was that most people were able to do it.Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.90,0:03:29.56, 当然没有人认识这个人 Nobody, of course, knew this man Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.56,0:03:33.47, 但他们认识那些可能认识这个人的人 but they knew people who might know people who would know this man.Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.47,0:03:38.72, 所以大多数人成功了 大多数人都能将包裹送至这个人 So, most people succeeded. Most people were able to get the packages to this manDialogue: 0,0:03:38.72,0:03:45.29, 这就是六度分隔理论 and it took at maximum six degrees of separation,Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.29,0:03:48.27, 著名的短语的出处 which is where the famous phrase comes aboutDialogue: 0,0:03:48.27,0:03:52.48, 我们与他人的间隔 只有六个人而已 that were all separated from another person by six degrees of separation.Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.48,0:03:53.91, 这不是普遍正确的 This is not true in general.Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.91,0:03:57.83, 只在美国内做过实验 This was a very-a single experiment done within the United States,Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.83,0:03:59.63, 但这个想法非常吸引人 but the idea is appealing,Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.63,0:04:03.94, 人们是通过一系列人脉与其他人联系的 that people are connected to one another via chains of people.Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.06,0:04:10.91, 米尔格拉姆发现 特别有趣的是 But what Milgram found that was particularly interesting wasDialogue: 0,0:04:11.23,0:04:19.69, 半数的被试仅通过 两个人就将包裹送到了 that in about half of the cases these packages went through two people.Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.69,0:04:24.79, 也就是说 如果标出人与人间的关系 That is, if you plot the relationships between people-Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.79,0:04:28.88, 我们以这个房间里的人为例 We can take each person in this room,Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.88,0:04:32.97, 将彼此认识的人连线 find everybody you know and who knows you and draw a line,Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.97,0:04:37.81, 如果我们真这么做的话 我们看到的不会是一张网 but if we were to do this you wouldnt find an even mesh of wires.Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.81,0:04:41.16, 相反 你会发现有些人会成为节点 Rather, youd find that some people are clusters.Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.16,0:04:45.40, 这些人就是格拉德威尔所谓的联系员 这有点像空中交通 Some people are what Gladwell calls Connectors. its like air traffic.Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.40,0:04:50.14, 以前的空中交通是与各个目的地的连线 Air traffic used to be everything flew to places localDialogue: 0,0:04:50.14,0:04:56.27, 但现在更像一个枢纽系统 例如芝加哥的奥黑尔或纽瓦克 to it but now theres a system of hubs, chicago OHare for instance or NewarkDialogue: 0,0:04:56.27,0:05:00.99, 都是许多飞机经过的地方 而有些人就是枢纽 where planes fly through. Some people are hubs.Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.99,0:05:05.92, 这些人就是那种认识很多人的人 Some people are the sort of people who know a lot of people.Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.92,0:05:11.82, 这房间里的一些人可能是枢纽 这不难发现 Some people in this room might be hubs, and it is not impossible to find out.Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.82,0:05:18.28, 这张纸上有二百五十个从曼哈顿电话簿上 The piece of paper you have here is 250 names chosen randomlyDialogue: 0,0:05:18.28,0:05:21.55, 随机抽取的名字 from a Manhattan phone book.Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.18,0:05:25.38, 其中包含了不同种族 They capture a range of ethnicities,Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.38,0:05:30.17, 世界不同地区 不同原国籍的人 different parts of the world, different national origins.Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.17,0:05:34.07, 下面就是我想让你们做的 我给大家五分钟时间 Heres what Id like you to do. And Ill give about five minutes for this.Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.07,0:05:40.20, 浏览这些名字 并圈出那些你认识的人的名字 Go through these names and circle how many people you know.Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.20,0:05:42.40, 圈名字的规则是 Now, the rules of this are,Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.40,0:05:47.44, 圈出那些你们彼此认识的人的名字 to know somebody you have to-they have to know you back.Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.44,0:05:57.04, 如果是个名人 这里一个名字是约翰逊 So, if its a celebrity-Well, here-one of the names here is Johnson.Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.04,0:06:01.56, 我听说过埃尔文约翰逊 但埃尔文约翰逊从没听说过我 Now, Ive heard of Magic Johnson but Magic Johnson has never heard of me,Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.56,0:06:06.52, 所以不能圈这个名字 另外 我们系主任是玛西亚约翰逊 so I cannot circle it.On the other hand, our department chair is Marcia Johnson.Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.52,0:06:11.01, 她认识我 所以我就可以圈她 开始浏览并圈出你认识的人 She has heard of me, so I could circle it. Go through and circle it.Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.01,0:06:15.60, 圈出所有你认识同时也认识你的人 Circle all the people you know who know you.Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.60,0:06:17.82, 那些就是和你有联系的人 Those are the people youre connected to.Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.82,0:06:22.76, 如果你认识的人里有重名的 圈两次 If you know more than one person with the same last name, circle it twice.Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.76,0:06:25.14, 如果你没有拿到这张纸 而你又想参与进来 If you dont have this piece of paper and you want to participate,Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.14,0:06:29.42, 请举手 助教会发给你 please raise your hand and one of the teaching fellows will bring it to you.Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.49,0:08:09.63, 在大家做这个的时候 我想多说两句 Im going to talk a little bit more about this while people go through this.Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.03,0:08:15.35, 人际关系的问题 很多情况下都很有趣 The issue of connections between people is intellectually interestingDialogue: 0,0:08:15.35,0:08:21.07, 还可以让我们对人们如何互动 for many reasons and might allow us to develop some generalizationsDialogue: 0,0:08:21.07,0:08:27.68, 有一个归纳 当然 六度空间理论 about how people interact. The game of Six Degrees of Separation has, of course,Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.68,0:08:34.72, 也成了演员凯文贝肯根的著名电影轶事 turned into a famous movie trivia thing revolving around the actor Kevin Bacon,Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.72,0:08:38.55, 我想之所以选他是因为他名字压韵吧 I think chosen just because it rhymes with Separation.Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.55,0:08:41.63, 凯文贝肯的六度空间游戏是这么玩的 And the game of Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon is played byDialogue: 0,0:08:41.63,0:08:45.52, 任何一名演员计算接近凯文贝肯 taking any actor and computing how many stepsDialogue: 0,0:08:45.52,0:08:48.84, 要经过多少步 it would take to get to Kevin Bacon.Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.84,0:08:51.56, 有些计算机科学家已经将这个开发出来了 And some computer scientists have developed this.Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.56,0:08:54.87, 他们检查国际电影数据库中 Theyve gone through each of the quarter million actorsDialogue: 0,0:08:54.87,0:08:58.11, 二十五万名男女演员 and actresses on the international movie databaseDialogue: 0,0:08:58.11,0:09:03.14, 然后计算出他们的贝肯数 贝肯数就是指他们联系到贝肯 and computed their Bacon number. and the Bacon number is the number of stepsDialogue: 0,0:09:03.14,0:09:07.13, 所需要的步骤数 it takes for them to get to Kevin Bacon.Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.13,0:09:17.35, 比如 爱德华阿斯纳在电影JFK中与凯文贝肯合作 So for instance, Ed Asner was in the movie Change of-; JFK With Kevin Bacon.Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.35,0:09:20.74, 那么爱德华阿斯纳的贝肯数为一 So, Ed Asner has a Bacon number of one.Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.74,0:09:26.36, 埃尔维斯普雷斯利在修女变身中与爱德华阿斯纳合作 Elvis Presley was in the movie Change of Habit with Ed AsnerDialogue: 0,0:09:26.36,0:09:29.69, 而这是他与凯文贝肯最紧密的联系了 and thats his closest connection to Kevin Bacon.Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.69,0:09:33.01, 所以埃尔维斯普里斯利的贝肯数为二 So, Elvis Presley has a Bacon number of two.Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.01,0:09:36.75, 结果发现 如果你观察二点五 抱歉 It turns out that if you look at the 2.5-sorry,Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.75,0:09:44.17, 电影数据库中的二十五万人 并计算他们的贝肯数 the quarter million people on the movie database and compute their Bacon number,Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.17,0:09:49.17, 平均贝肯数为二点八 这就是联系到凯文贝肯的 the average Bacon number is 2.8. Thats how many steps your average personDialogue: 0,0:09:49.17,0:09:52.04, 所需平均人数 is away from Kevin Bacon.Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.24,0:09:57.82, 然后你可以在演员中 计算出联系最多人的一个 You could then, for any actor or actress, compute the most connected one.Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.82,0:10:00.44, 联系最多的那位演员 So, the most connected one would be the one forDialogue: 0,0:10:00.44,0:10:05.08, 将是这二十五万人中 平均来说 最多人联系的 whom the quarter million are, on average, the most connected to.Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.08,0:10:10.06, 联系最多演员的答案 相当出人意料 And the answer of the most connected actor or actress is reasonably surprising.Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.06,0:10:12.32, 大家想猜猜吗 Does anybody want to guess?Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.99,0:10:19.19, 我先给大家一个错误答案 Ill start you off with the wrong answer and this,Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.19,0:10:24.33, 顺便说一句 可以在该网站上找到答案 不是约翰韦恩 by the way, can be found on this web site. Its not John Wayne.Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.33,0:10:28.98, 约翰韦恩确实拍了很多电影 一百八十部电影 John Wayne has been in many movies, 180 movies,Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.98,0:10:33.57, 在六十多年里 但他不是最多联络人 in fact, over sixty years, but he isnt well connected at all because mostlyDialogue: 0,0:10:33.57,0:10:39.58, 他几乎只出现在西部电影中 所以我们不停地看到同一些人 he was in westerns so we saw the same people over and over again.Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.09,0:10:45.16, 梅丽尔斯特里普也不是 Meryl Streep also isnt it Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.16,0:10:51.40, 因为梅丽尔斯特里普很不幸只拍好电影 所以 because Meryl Streep has the misfortune of playing only in good movies. So,Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.40,0:10:56.50, 她与像亚当桑德勒和约翰克劳德范戴姆这些演员没联系 she has no connection with people like Adam Sandler and John Claude Van Damme.Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.80,0:11:05.10, 猜一下 有其他猜测吗 克里斯托弗沃肯有点靠谱了 Guess. Any guesses? Christopher Walken is a good one.Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.10,0:11:07.27, 我们来查查看 我只认识少数几个人 We could look it up. I only know a few names here.Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.27,0:11:10.93, 克里斯托弗沃肯不是最多的 尼古拉斯凯奇是个有趣例子 Christopher Walken is not a finalist. Nicolas Cage is an interesting case.Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.93,0:11:13.45, 尼古拉斯凯奇拍过好电影吗 Has Nicolas Cage been in good movies?Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.61,0:11:18.37, 我不是想 我这是自找麻烦了 I dont want to get- im going to get more controversial than I want to.Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.37,0:11:21.82, 一个类似临时演员的人 他最多算个二流演员 请再说一遍 A guy who is one step above an extra.Hes like a B-list actor at best.Pardon me?Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.81,0:11:27.04, 最佳联络人 The most connected guy?Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.60,0:11:35.56, 最佳联络人 我想说你是对的 是罗德斯泰格尔 The most connected guy, and I think this shows that youre right,is Rod Steiger.Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.44,0:11:39.75, 他是演艺史上的最佳联络人 Hes the most connected actor in the history of actingDialogue: 0,0:11:39.75,0:11:44.31, 不是因为他比其他人参演了更多电影 because it isnt that hes been in more movies than everybody else.Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.31,0:11:47.84, 迈克尔凯恩可能是世界上出演电影最多的人 Michael Caine has probably been in the most movies of any person on earth,Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.28,0:11:52.16, 但罗德出演了各种类型的电影 他出演了码头风云 but hes been in all sorts of movies. He was in On the Waterfront,Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.16,0:11:57.25, 炎热的夏夜以及像无妄之灾这类烂片 In the Heat of the Night, and really bad movies like Carpool.Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.25,0:12:01.53, 他参演戏剧和犯罪连续剧 惊险片 西部片 恐怖电影 Hes been in dramas and crime serials, thrillers, westerns, horror movies,Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.53,0:12:03.98, 科幻片和音乐剧 science fiction, musicals.Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.50,0:12:12.43, 有些人就像罗德斯泰格尔 有些人在他们日常生活里 Now, some people are like Rod Steiger. So, some people in their day-to-day livesDialogue: 0,0:12:12.43,0:12:16.97, 与人有很多互动 我想从互动中可以了解的是 have many interactions and I think one of the things we know from interactingDialogue: 0,0:12:16.97,0:12:20.67, 我们能从人群中识别出这些人 with people is we can distinguish them from other people.Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.67,0:12:23.70, 有多少人已经做完了 How many people have finished their things right now?Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.70,0:12:27.52, 好 我认识学院里的一个人 Okay. I know one person in the departmentDialogue: 0,0:12:27.52,0:12:30.88, 是我知道的认识最多人的人 who is one of the most connected people I know on earth.Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.88,0:12:36.51, 如果我想 如果我真的想联系拉扎斯菲尔德 我会去找他说 If I wanted-If I really had to talk to Rumsfeld, id go to this person and say,Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.51,0:12:40.57, 你能帮我联系上菲尔德吗 如果我想整某个人 Can you get me in touch with Rumsfeld? if I wanted to get somebody whacked,Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.57,0:12:42.32, 我会去问他 Id ask this guy.Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.88,0:12:45.99, 在学院里我还认识其他的人 据我所知 Then I know someone else in the department and, as best I know,Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.99,0:12:48.12, 我是她唯一认识的人 Im the only person she knows.Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.79,0:12:58.42, 有多少人的得分低于十分 So, how many people scores below ten on this?Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.72,0:13:04.03, 有多少人得分在十分到二十分之间 How many between ten and twenty?Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.01,0:13:06.88, 二十分到三十分之间呢 Between twenty and thirty?Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.82,0:13:09.68, 三十分到四十分呢 Thirty and forty?Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.32,0:13:13.64, 四十分到五十分之间呢 Between forty and fifty?Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.52,0:13:16.77, 五十分到六十分呢 Fifty and sixty?Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.97,0:13:21.50, 有多少人得分超过六十分 How many people scored above sixty?Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.86,0:13:26.05, 有人得分超过六十分吗 Anybody above sixty?Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.95,0:13:31.53, 格拉德维尔在很多地方做过这个实验 Gladwell has done this in a lot of places.Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.06,0:13:35.30, 在大学生群体里平均分是二十一分 The average is twenty-one among a college crowd.Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.51,0:13:39.50, 有些人得分超过一百 Some people score as high as over 100.Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.60,0:13:44.94, 年龄越大 得分越高 可能很明显 The older you are, the more- the higher you tend to score, maybe obviously,Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.94,0:13:48.80, 不是在这个国家呆的时间越长 得分越高 not-the longer youve been in the country the higher you tend to score.Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.80,0:13:55.66, 记者的分数理所当然会高些 学者的分数不那么高 Journalists tend to score reasonably high, academics not so high,Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.66,0:13:59.36, 格拉德维