长句分析.doc

长句分析1Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.2. Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generation phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to todays young people, it naturally follows that todays English teachers cannot be doing their jobs.3We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.分析:主句的主干是We found out,其后跟的是一个由that引导的宾语从句,是第一层从句,其主要结构是:patients were able to,两个并列的不定式充当表语;who引导的定语从句修饰patients,是第二层从句;注意词组approach of意为“的到来”4. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation.分析：主句的主干是This means that, that引导一个宾语从句;based on是 过去分词短语作状语,这里fit意为“适应,配合”。5. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks.分析：这是一个并列复合句。第一个分句的主干是we can have-.,having made a choice within these limits充当原因状语,是现在分词的完成形式;第二个分句的主干是we tend to.apart from引导状语,what引导宾语从句;两个分句由表转折的连词but连接。6. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements ( 刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.剖析: 此句比较复杂,主句为the use of small monetary sparks creativity;句首but表转折,suggesting引导的是结果状语从句, according引导全句的状语。7.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.【剖析:这是一个双重复合句,其主句是the Delaware psychologist claims,在它前面是一个较长的宾语从句。宾语从句的主干是the use of.shows promise, in early grades为时间状语, in which引导非限定性定语从句修饰宾语从句的主语。8. on the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities. he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.分析：f引导一个条件状语从句,主句为he loses enthusiasm and desire;on the other hand及though都是插入成分;不定式to find out.作定语,修饰desire。9. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.分析：主句结构为reading newspapers demands skills and self-awareness, for引导介宾短语表原因。which引导非限定性定语从句对主句的主语加以进一步解释,是第一层从句;what引导宾从句,是第二层从句;as引导全句的时间状语。mean doing sth.意为“意味着做某事”。10. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities,. more women and more immigrants.剖析 主句主干为corporate America understands.,in looking at.and at是全句的方式状语,第一个that引导的是宾语从句作understands的宾语;第二个that引导的是定语从句修饰policies,注意两个at where的介宾结构。11. Thatch which has been done the British way lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defiance against the heat.分析:主句主干为Thatch lasts.and is.,which引导的定语从句修饰thatch。12. So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they willcontinue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do forthemselves.剖析:主句的主干是they will continue to undertake to do,其正常语序是undertake to do that for children which.。so long as 引导的是条件状语从句,说明后文发生情况的条件。which引导的是定语从句,修饰that。13.The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read.分析：主句的主干是the function is to create.,不定式U语to create.作表语,that引导定语从句修饰the conditions and the climate。注意make it possible to do sth.(使做某事成为可能)的句型,这里的it是形式宾语,to后的部分才是真正的宾语。14. Mr. Rector and others argued that once the habit of dependency is cracked, then the country can make other policy changes aimed at improving living standards.剖析主句的主干是Mr. Rector and others argued.,argue后接that引导的宾语从句,once引导的是时间状语M句,注意once(一旦)的用法,aimed at是过去分词作定语修饰changes。15. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.剖析这是一个简单句,其主干是Some uniforms are expensive to maintain, requiring是现在分词短语作状语,补充说明前一句的内容;possible with是laundering的后置定语。16. Studies over a range of illness, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poorhealth more likely.剖析：主句的主干为Studies reveal that.,from depression to heart disease是介词短语作同位语,说明illness的类型,that引导两个并列的从句作reveal的宾语。17. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.分析：主句的主干是Experts have studiedand have drawn up。forecasting为现在分词复合结构作伴随状语; in which导的非限定性定语从句修饰the year。18. Young athletes can, for example, barn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.分析：句的主干为Young athletes can learn-.。for example为插入语;how和后面并列的三个不定式充当learn的宾语,that引导的定语从句修饰skills。19.We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.分析：句子主干是 We can longer afford to,. which引导的定语从句是第一层从句,修饰resource; as much as引导的比较状语从句是第二层从句;we want是省略that的定语从句,修饰way,是第三层从句。20.Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water supply.分析：主句的主干为countries should set up authorities。rather than引导的一个虚拟语气句,也是个惯用的比较句型,that引导一个定语从句修饰agencies。注意虚拟语气rather than do sth.,countries should 。21. Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but most saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the foxs smell which the dogs follow. (Para.4-)【剖析】这是一个并列复合句。句子的主干是these incidents lead to violence,but saboteurs interfere with。but连接两个分句,表转折;which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰smell; interfere with:干涉。by doing sth.为介宾结构,作方式状语。22. Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. (Para.5)分析：主句的主干是Noisy confrontations have become.。sothat引导的是结果状语从句;as much as引导比较结构,将noisy confrontations与the pursuit of foxes相比。23. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom (生育高峰) generation, a longer life span means that the nations elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. (Para.l)分析：主句的主干是a longer life span means.。Coupled with是过去分词短语作伴随状语;that引导的是宾语M句作means的宾语。Be bound to :将要,趋于。24. Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74- million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. 剖析主句的主干是businessmen see huge opportunities。because引导的是原因状语从句;74 million strong是boomers的同位语。25.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics (伦理) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it. (Para.2)分析：前一个that引导的是个同位语从句;says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago是插入语;后一个that引导的是hope的宾语从句。26.With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self. 剖析句子的主干是those bonds have been weakened. with短语是主句的伴随状语,replaced的小分句补充完整应为and have been replaced by。27.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament ( 挽歌) for some nonexistent golden age, Alsatian says, nor is it a wishful ( 一厢情愿的) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities.剖析句子的主干是The desire is not a lament, nor is it a longing。Alsatian says为插入语;注意nor后面用的是 is it-.的倒装结构,it指的是the desire; that引导的定语从句修饰a time。28. While its true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions whether scientific or artistic.分析：主句的主干为it is true thatand that.。while引导一个状语从句, 三个that 分别引导三个主语从句;far removed from做后置定语修 饰fields;破折号后的内容进一步说明contributions.29. Involvement in sports. in particular, rose almost 50% from1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time.分析： 句子主干是involvement rose. in particular为插入语，冒号后面的两个句子具体解释数目主干内容。30. For example, nearly every newspaper has a business section, in which the dealsand projects, finances and management, stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily. 分析：主句的主干为every newspaper has a business section. which引导 一个非限定性定语从句说明section,注意从句中有三个主语成分: the deals and projects, finances and management, stock prices and labor problems of corporations。31. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders. 分析： slowly and in stage 作taught的状语,冒号引导taught这一动作的具休做法,其中traditionally 作 we tell的状语, we keep hidden from fifth graders是省略先行词的定语从句。 32.Television passes information, and indiscriminately (不加区分地), to all viewers alike, be they children or adults. 分析：句子主干是Television passes information to all viewers. and indiscriminately是插入语做状语。be they children or adults是倒装强调句，用于解释说明viewers.33. We are free act on our options only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.分析：句子主干是：We are free to act on our options only so long as we do not harm others. in doing so做插入语，so long as 引导条件状语从句。34. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory. 【剖析主句主干是Researchers have established。第一个that引导的宾语从句是第一层从句,when引导的时间状语从句和第二个that引导定语从句是第二层从句;such as表举例,作cognitive areas的同位语。35. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.剖析主句主干是someone will go into。with a history of doing more rather than less作定语修饰someone; rather than在此意为“而不是”,表否定。sound在此作形容词用,意为“完好的,健全的”;who引导的定语从句修饰第二个someone。36. Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative ( 积累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. 分析主句主干是Responsible public health officials have pointed out.句中两个并列的that引导的宾语从句都是pointed out的宾语;第二个宾语从句中的received属于过去分词作定语,修饰exposures; depend on意为“取决于,依赖于”。37. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damagea person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed (畸形的) children or even grandchildren. (Para.2)【剖析】主句的主干是The trouble is, that引导一个表语从句,破折号后的部分是对表语从句的解释说明,相当于一个同位语从句;and表递进关系,其后的部分与a person may-.maybe damaged相对应; this 指代 radiation damage.38. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. (Para.4)剖析getting all four samples right为现在分词作主语;but表转折,we thought为插入语,who引导定语从句修饰people.本句正常的结构可理解为getting all four samples right was a tough test, but we thought that it was not too tough for people who believed they could recognize their brand.39. It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.分析这是一个并列复合句。主句的主干是It is a huge task, and the fact challenges explanation。and表示并列关系;every one agrees为插入语;第一个that引导同位语句是第一层从句,对a huge task进行补充说明;when引导的时间状语从句是第二层从句;第二个that引导的从句是the fact的同位语。challenge在此意为“需要”。40. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. (Para.3)分析：主句的主干是It is agreed that.,and that.。两个that分别引导两个并列的主语从句;during the first few months为时间状语,意为“在头几个月里”;sort.out as,意为“分出作为”; indicative of意为“可表示的,预示的”。41 Such enormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability, but now that we have grown used to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure. .剖析】这是一个并列复合句。句子的主干是numbers used to discourage us and cause us.,but we can be less sure。后一分句中now that引导让步关系从句,意为“既然”;注意前后两个used to意义上的不同,前一个的结构为used to do是“过去常常做”的意思,而后一个used to doing是“习惯于”的意思42. As the intelligence of robots increases to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments, harmful to ourselves. 分析：主句的主干是we may use them to expand our frontiers。两个as引导的原因状语从句,作为主句的状语;harmful前省略了which are,是environments的定语;注意 ability to的搭配。43. Psychologist George Silica and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to think and concentrate. 分析：主句的主干为 Psychologist George Silica and colleagues decided to., whether引导的宾语从句做find out 的宾语,as many smokers say是插入语。44. RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation(航空) industry, has recommended that all airlines ban(禁止) such devices from being used during critical stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing. 分析：主句主干为RTCA has recommended that,an organization+ which引导的定语从句作RTCA的同位语,对其进行补充说明;recommend接的是that引导的宾语从句;注意ban前省略了should,因为recommend要用虚拟语气,其结构是:recommend that sb. should do sth.。45. Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists. 剖析主句的主干是some scientists say。one might crash into Earth anddestroy life是没有关联词的宾语从句,作say的宾语。unless引导的是条件状语从句,意为“除非”;as引导的是方式状语从句。46. Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical compositiona finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives. 分析：主句主干为some researchers think。they have the answer, and it为think的宾语从句。破折号后的a finding进一步说明前面的宾语从句;that引导一个定语从句,作Finding的定语。47.The researchers are already working with food companies keen to see if their products can be made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations on the foods structure. 分析：主句结构是 researchers are working with。keen to see.为形容词复合结构作定语修饰food companies,相当于food companies that are keen to see;if引导的是条件状语从句。48. The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nations drive to save energy. 剖析主句主干是The Ouchidas are victims。which引导的非限制性定语从句对前面的pollution加以补充说明;is not given sufficientattention意为“未得到足够的重视”;drive在此做名词用,“推动,鼓励”。49. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway. 剖析】It is estimated(said, reported)that-.是固定句型,意为“据估计(说、报道)”。第一个that引导主语从句,是主句的真正主语;第二个that引导定语从句,修饰vehicles。50. Negative events like serious illness of a family member were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. 分析：这是一个并列句。句子的主干是Negative events were high on the list, but so were some positive events.注意so be sth/sb.(同样是)的惯用句型。51. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never many, have a child, take a new job or move. 分析主句的主干是a person would never marry。since引导的是原因状 从句;who引导的定语从句修饰a person; be free of 意为“免于”。52. Most episodes of absent-mindednessforgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. 分析：主句是most episodes are caused by.;破折号后的两个现在分词短语相当于episodes的同位语;where和why引导的宾语从句分别作forgetting和wondering的宾语; says Schacter为插入语。53.If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and dont pay attention to what you did because youre involved in a conversation, youll probably forgetthat the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe（衣柜 ). 分析：主句主干为you11probably forget.。if引导的两个并列的条件状语从句是第一层从句;what引导的宾语从句是第二层从句,作Pay attention to的宾语;because引导的原因状语从句是第三层从句;forget后接的that引导的宾语M句是第一层从句。be involved in意为“专心于,涉及”。54. Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies. 分析：主句的主干是tracking whales is but one example of exciting new world;world的后置定语just opening to civilian scientists省略了which is ; after the cold war是整个前半句的时间状语;as引导的从句是前句的伴随状语,其主要结构为the Navy starts to share and uncover.55. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patients chest to a doctors ear. 分析：主句的主干是water can act as channels; focusing后的them指代前面的sound, when后面为分句当中的时间状语从句act as意为“担当”。56. Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed