2016年托福考试高频长难句解析集中整理汇总.docx

上大学，就上中国大学网！http:/www.shangdaxue.cc/2016年托福考试高频长难句解析集中整理汇总托福长难句分析：苹果ipodMeanwhile, Apple Computer, which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October, is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows that can be purchased for viewing on the device, including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives”，and “Law &Order”.与此同时，苹果电脑公司在10月发售了一款可以观看电视的便携式音乐播放器iPod，这个播放器大大帮助了电视网络扩大其可以供用户购买的、用于在移动终端的节目范围， 包括迷失、绝望的主妇以及法律与秩序。主句：Apple Computer is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows从句1：which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October从句2：that can be purchased for viewing on the device, including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”从句1是修饰主句主语“Apple Computer”的定语从句，关系代词which在从句中作主语，分隔了主句主语和系动词;从句2是修饰先行词shows的定语从句，关系代词that 在从句作主语，从句中使用了被动语态，句末的分词结构including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives”，and “Law &Order”作伴随状语，表明range of shows的具体内容。托福长难句分析：员工参与Management and HR groups spend a lot of time talking about “engagement”， which comes down to getting employees excited about the work theyre doing and its contribution to the company.管理和人力资源群体花费大量的时间来谈论“参与”，激发雇员对工作和为公司贡献的兴趣。主句：Management and HR groups spend a lot of time talking about “engagement”;定语从句1：which引导的定语从句which comes down to getting employees excited about the work theyre doing and its contribution to the company.定语从句修饰先行词engagement，关系代词which在从句中作主语;about后接宾语，the work and its contribution定语从句2：theyre doing 修饰先行词work，关系代词that/which在从句中做宾语，可以省略。托福长难句分析：动物繁殖后代An animal that can remember the significance of that large, nasty-looking thing with the big teeth and sharp claws will survive longer and produce more offspring.译文：一种动物只有记住了长相丑恶(具有巨大牙齿和锋利爪子)且身体庞大的重要性，才能生存长久并繁殖更多的后代。句型分析：本句是复合句，句子的主干为An animal will survive longer and produce more offspring。定语从句：主语animal后接关系代词that引导的定语从句，关系代词代替animal在从句中作主语。在从句里，谓语动词 remember的宾语是the significance，它的后置定语为that large, nasty-looking thing with the big teeth and sharp claws;介词短语with the big teeth and sharp claws补充说明thing的特点。托福长难句分析：机顶盒的产生To make the technology as simple as possible, Sony, HP, and other vendors are finally creating software that can be used across all their devicesbe it PCs, TVs, or settop boxes.为了让科技尽可能的简单，索尼、惠普和其他销售者最终开发了可以在所有装置上使用的软件不论是个人电脑、电视机或是数字解码器这种软件就是机顶盒。句首的不定式短语To make the technology as simple as possible作全句的目的状语;主句为Sony, HP, and other vendors are finally creating software;定语从句：关系代词that引导的定语从句that can be used across all their devices修饰先行词software，that在从句中作主语，并且使用了被动语态;第一个破折号后面是对across all their devices的具体说明，注意这里采用了whetheror引导的让步状语从句省略whether的特殊形式be it PCs, TVs, or set;第二个破折号后top boxes是对software的最终阐释，我们去掉中间让步状语作的分隔成分，可以连接全句为Sony, HP, and other vendors are finally creating software that can be used across all their devicestop boxes。托福长难句分析：环境污染与心脏病Women who live in areas of high air pollution, exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires, are at increased risk of heart disease and death, according to a study.【参考译文】一项研究表明，生活在严重空气污染地区的女性，暴露在车辆尾气、燃煤发电厂、森林火灾所产生和排放的无形的微小颗粒中，越来越容易患心脏病，甚至会因此直接导致死亡。【结构分析】本句主句是主系表结构：Women are at increased risk of heart disease and death, according to a study.主语Women后是定语从句 who live in areas of high air pollution，关系代词who在从句中指代women作主语，系表部分are at increased risk of heart disease and death被分词结构(表被动)作的后置定语exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires分隔，由于定语部分较长，在翻译时我们可以译为并列结构;句子末尾的according to a study作全句的状语。托福长难句分析：游戏机手柄The console can determine how the controller is moving in space and what it is pointing at, and uses that information to control what is happening on screen.【参考译文】游戏机能测出手柄的移动轨迹，识别手柄指着屏幕上的什么东西，然后根据得到的信息控制屏幕上的游戏。解析：以逗号后and为切入点，得到主句部分的并列平行结构The console can determine, and uses that information to control，uses与can determine一起作该句的谓语。其中determine的宾语也以and切入，得到how引导的名词性从句how the controller is moving in space和what引导的名词性从句what it is pointing at(how在从句中作状语，what在从句中作宾语);在use的宾语补足语to control中，control的宾语使用了what引导的名词性从句what is happening on screen充当，what在从句中作主语。托福长难句分析：老师灌输知识The teachers who took part in the program also told me of their worries that they might be force-feeding their pupils information rather than stimulating the discussion necessary to ensure they grasped the importance to them of what they were being taught.【参考译文】参与节目的老师们还告诉我，他们担心自己可能是在向学生强行灌输知识与信息，而不是激励他们讨论，以此保证他们能掌握他们所学知识的要领。【结构分析】本句成分复杂。主语The teachers 后跟who引导的定语从句who took part in the program also told me of their worries作修饰语，关系代词who在从句中作主语。told后我们可以认为是双宾语(对象+内容)，直接宾语部分their worries后跟that引导的名词性从句that they might be force feeding their pupils information rather than stimulating the discussion necessary to ensure说明worries的具体内容。ensure后面的宾语是一个省略了引导词that的宾语从句they grasped the importance to them of，grasped的宾语the importance of被不定式结构to them分隔，of构成的介宾短语的宾语由what引导的名词性从句充当，且从句使用了被动语态的现在进行时。托福长难句分析：消费者需要The trouble with that approach is that consumers tend to prefer devices that require simply plugging them in, without complicated setups of wireless channels, security, and other features common to home networks.【结构分析】 本句主干很清晰，是主系表结构。其中表语部分由that引导的名词性从句that consumers tend to prefer devices充当。device后是that引导的定语从句 that require simply plugging them in,关系代词that在从句中作主语。逗号后的介词短语 without complicated setups of wireless channels, security, and other features作从句中的伴随状语(在翻译时我们可以转译为定语)，句末的形容词结构common to home networks后置作features的定语。【参考译文】 这一方式的问题在于，消费者更喜欢不需要创立复杂的无线电频道、安全保护以及家庭网络所共有的其他特性，便可以简单插入的装置。托福长难句分析：暗物质的存在In its 16 years of operation it has found the first convincing evidence for the existence of black holes, made observations supporting the theory that the universes expansion is accelerating and confirmed that dark matter exists.【结构分析】去掉句首介宾In its 16 years of operation作的时间状语，以and为切入点，得到主句it has found, madeand confirmed其中made后的宾语中，包含现在分词结构supporting the theory作的伴随状语，在此伴随状语中，that引导同位语从句that the universes expansion is accelerating解释说明theory的内容;而confirmed后的宾语由that引导的名词性从句that dark matter exists充当。【参考译文】在它运行的16年中，首次发现了关于黑洞的令人信服的证据，很多观测都支持宇宙加速膨胀的理论并确认暗物质的存在。托福长难句分析：移动电视新兴产业He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television, a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers, and mobile-network operators.他谈到了众人对移动电视的巨大兴趣，这是一个在电信和媒体领域有交叉的新兴产业，它给设备制造商、电视内容制作者以及移动网络运营商提供了新的 机遇。主句：He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television;分句1：a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers作mobile television的同位语;句分2：which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators是定语从句，关系代词which做定语从句的主语。托福长难句分析：股东阶层代表Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.结构分析：这个句子的主干是manipulationincreased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class。其中an element 是class 的同位语。representing irresponsible wealth 是现在分词，作定语修饰前面的element, detached from是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了which is 的定语从句。and 连接两个detached from, 都修饰前面的wealth。参考译文：这种大规模地、非个人性地对资本和企业进行操作，极大地增加了作为一个阶层的股东的数量和重要性，作为国民生活的一部分，股东阶层代表着不承担责任的财富与土地拥有者应尽义务的分离，而且同样与企业的责任管理分离。托福长难句分析：房地产开发热潮The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.(宾语从句what we now know as)现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl分句1嵌套分句 2，即分句1是主句，分句 2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是 The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl。本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为促使、造成。托福长难句分析：股东阶层代表Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.结构分析：这个句子的主干是manipulationincreased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class。其中an element 是class 的同位语。representing irresponsible wealth 是现在分词，作定语修饰前面的element, detached from是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了which is 的定语从句。and 连接两个detached from, 都修饰前面的wealth。参考译文：这种大规模地、非个人性地对资本和企业进行操作，极大地增加了作为一个阶层的股东的数量和重要性，作为国民生活的一部分，股东阶层代表着不承担责任的财富与土地拥有者应尽义务的分离，而且同样与企业的责任管理分离。托福长难句分析：房地产开发热潮The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.(宾语从句what we now know as)现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl分句1嵌套分句 2，即分句1是主句，分句 2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是 The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl。本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为促使、造成。托福长难句分析：深海底部环境Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface，the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.(定语后置in some ways)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface分句3：the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。托福长难句分析：核心业务外包Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too.【结构分析】本句不难，逗号前为主句Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs,使用了tooto结构，句末的现在分词结构outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too作伴随状语，进一步补充说明reduce costs的具体内容。【参考译文】有些大的制造商和服务供应商热衷于降低成本，不仅把非核心业务外包，而且连核心业务也不放过。托福长难句分析：改造自然The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.句子分析：本句主要是在做解释，这个解释是通过is之后that引导的表语从句来展开。在这个从句中有多个谓语动词并列出现，分别 是：excavated, modified, plugged up，这些动作的实施都是为了in order to后面表达的目的，即create reservoirs，最后which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词reservoirs。句子翻译：有一种解释是玛雅人挖掘或者改造自然的低地，然后通过在低地底部涂上灰泥来堵住喀斯特地貌所造成的漏水地方，这样做可以建立水库，而这些水库可以收集来自抹了灰泥的大型集水盆地的雨水并储存起来，以备旱季所用。解题思路：这句话句简题的正确答案应该是选项A. Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions. (玛雅南部地区的居民通过堵住缝隙的低地来收集和储存雨水，以备旱季之用。)我们来看看其他几个错误答案的原因：选项B. The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it. 其中的modifying natural rainwater是原句所没有提到的;选项C. Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season. 其中leaks in the karst这个问题在原句中已经通过涂上灰泥得到了解决，所以不存在困难;选项D. Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rain than storing it during dry seasons. 其中more successful的比较在原句中没有提到。单词复习depression本意是“沮丧;萧条”，在这里表示“低地”。excavate depressions指的是“挖掘低地”。modify本意是“修改”，在这里说的是“改造自然的低地”。plug up leaks指的是“堵住漏水的地方”。karst是大家所熟悉的一种地貌，叫“喀斯特地貌”，具有溶蚀力的水对可溶性岩石(大多为石灰岩)进行溶蚀等作用所形成的地貌。catchment basins指的是“集水盆地”。plaster作名词，表示“石膏“，作动词，表示”涂以灰泥” ，比如：His broken leg was encased in plaster. 他骨折的腿被打上了石膏。托福长难句分析：对待动物的方式It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.结构分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中that引导宾语从句，从句中有eitheror引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语， 修饰动词be treated，其中第一个with介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句humans extend to other humans，修饰the consideration。it代指上文的观点，即如果对*没有达成一致看法，而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语at the outset译为“从一开始”。动词invites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。动宾结构extend consideration to意为“给予关怀或关心”，consideration不应译为“考虑”。译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。托福长难句分析：便携式音乐播放器Meanwhile, Apple Computer, which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October, is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows that can be purchased for viewing on the device, including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”. (The Economist Jan. 5, 2006)【结构分析】本句使用了分隔结构，体现了非限制性定语从句分隔，从句which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October修饰主语Apple Computer(关系代词which在从句中作主语)分隔了主语和系动词。连接后得到Meanwhile, Apple Computer is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows其中that又引导定语从句that can be purchased for viewing on the device修饰先行词shows(关系代词that在从句作主语，从句中使用了被动语态)，句末的分词结构including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”作伴随状语，表明range of shows的具体内容。【参考译文】与此同时，苹果电脑公司在10月发售了一款可以观看电视的便携式音乐播放器iPod，这个播放器大大帮助了电视网络扩大其可以供用户购买的、用于在移动终端的节目范围，包括迷失、绝望的主妇以及法律与秩序。托福长难句分析：遥远的大海For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.【译文】除了早期漂洋过海的旅行者或靠海谋生的人之外，对大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有必要提出太多问题，更别说思考大海海底的东西了。【析句】复合句，本句主干为the sea was remote and there was little reason to.，and连接两个并列句子，两个句子之间又有with the exception of.作伴随状语，伴随状语中又包含who earned a living from the sea定语从句修饰others。最后是习惯let alone.,注意let alone后的动词形式与前面主句动词形式相同。托福长难句分析：天然维生素There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like.(并列同位语从句reports that，that，that)关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports2分句2：natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。托福长难句分析：缺乏能源This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture inthe high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with highyields.【分析】多重复合句。句子主干为This will be particularly true。since引导原因状语从句，从句主干为 energypinch will make it difficult, it为形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式结构to continue.;不定式结构中又含有一个that引导的定语从句修饰American fashion，定语从句中又含有一个形式宾语it，指代后面的不定式结构 to combine few farmers with high yields。翻译时，注意主句中的this指代前文提到的困境，需明确;原因状语从句中的介词短语作方式状语，前置译;that引导的定语从句可采取补 充先行词的方法单独翻译成句。【点拨】energy pinch“能源缺乏”。【译文】这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的缺乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。托福长难句分析：史前动物猛犸Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out.(同位语从句rumors that)当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。分句1：Amid rumors分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region分句3：and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent分句4：the two captains set out.整个句子的主句是分句4.Amid 表示“在 .之中, 是介词，它引导的分句1嵌套着分句2和分句3，并且在整句话中作状语。 而分句2和分句3是并列关系的同位语从句来修饰分句1中的rumors，作rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容托福长难句分析：工艺品功能Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.”语法分析：Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.”译文：尽管现在我们倾向于根据工艺品的制造材料比如黏土、玻璃、木头、纤维以及金属对他们进行分类，但根据工艺品的功能进行分类(这一做法)在过去曾经很流行，(这一做法)导致了这些工艺品被称作“实用艺术”。解释：这句话的前半句，也就是让步的部分并不难，难就难在后面的转折部分，it是形式主语，真正的主语是“to think of crafts in terms of function”这一做法，而后面which引导的定语从句也正是修饰前面的“to think of crafts in terms of function”这一做法，这句话是全文的第一句，事实上作者是在做一个背景导入，根据这句话，我们可知，下面要讲的就“是实用艺术”。托福长难句分析：海底环境Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface，the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer