高考英语基本语法复习.doc

天星教育网，因你而精彩！版权所有，侵权必究！高 考 英 语 基 本 语 法 复 习概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。 在“There be ”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.主语从句 1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有： It is a facta pitya questiongood news that. It seemsappearshappenedhas turned out that. It is clearimportantlikelypossible that. It is saidreportedestimatedhas been proved that. It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation. It seems that the performance is very useful. 2)what引导的主语从句表示“.的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。 What we lack is experience. 3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。 How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again. I did know why I felt like crying. 2谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.3表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。系动词 系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明： 有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如： He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。） He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。 1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3）表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5）变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果） 表语从句 表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外，还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because. Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America. The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies. It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller. 4宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如： We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。 I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. 形式宾语形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.宾语从句 1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。 *I promised that I would change the situation. *All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship. *He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children. *This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long. 2)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。 He has made it clear that he would not change his mind. 3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。 He didnt think that the money was well spent. 6定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如： 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如： Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to? nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.定语从句 定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。 *限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。 The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations. Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people. The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother. 1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。 That is all that Ive heard from him. Hes the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon. 2)关系代词的省略 在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。 This is one of those things with which we have to put up. This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with. 3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。 Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings. No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day. *非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。 Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism. *“介词+whichwhomwhose”引导的定语从句 “介词+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。 This is the computer on which he spent all his savings It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar. *as引导的定语从句 as引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。 These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems) As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语) 7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如： He did it carefully They missed me very much.Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.状语从句 *时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有： 1）when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。 We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here. 2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely).when,no sooner.than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等。 As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses. The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy. *地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever. Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her. *原因、结果和目的状语从句 1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。 Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well. 2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so.that,such.that ,so that,that,so等。 Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave. 3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等，从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。 We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station. *条件和让步状语从句 1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。 As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data. 2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how.),whatever(whenever,wherever,however.)等。though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。 No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind. Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young) Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child) *方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的连词有as,just as,as if,as though等。as if,as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。 The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him. Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened短语、从句和句子 短语(phrase)具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词，叫做短语。短语在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。短语的种类很多，但本书只用下列几个短语名称：a)不定式短语(infinitive phrase)如He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜欢在午饭后读报)中的to read newspapers after lunch。b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如：Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day。c)分词短语(participial phrase)如：I saw many people walking along the lake(我看见许多人在湖边散步)中的walking along the lake。d)介词短语(prepositional phrase)如：He came by bus(他乘公共汽车来)中的by bus。从句(clause)内含主语部分和谓语部分，表达一定的概念，但不成为一个独立句子的一组词，叫做从句。从句在句子里可以作为一个句子成分，一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。a)主语从句(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的what I want to say。b)表语从句(predicative clause)如This is what I want to say(这是我要说的)中的what I want to say。c)宾语从句(object clause)如I have said what I want to say(我说完了我要说的话)中的what I want to say。d)定语从句(attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(这就是我要说的)中的I want to say。e)状语从句(adverbial clause)如If you want to say something，say it clearly(假如你要说什么，就应说清楚)中的if you want to say something。 从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：a)简单句(simple sentence)只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分，如：The peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。b)并列句(compound sentence)包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连词连接，如：Toms father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.汤姆的父亲从早干到晚，但挣得的钱很少。c)复合句(complex sentence)内含一个或一个以上的从句，如：Its a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。从说话人说话的目的来看，句子可分为：e)陈述句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事，如：I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。f)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问，如：Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗?g)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示请求、命令等，如：Please come in.请进来。h)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感，如：What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!英语句型在英语中，每出现一次主谓结构就构成一个句子。第一句型 主语 +不及物动词(vi) 1. We study hard at school everyday. 主语 vi 方式状语 地点状语 时间状语 2.He slept alone for three hours in the bedroom. 主语 vi 方式状语 时间状语 地点状语 3.Stpehen apologized to us for his words at once. 主语 vi 宾补 原因状语 时间状语第二句型 主语+系动词+表语（Predicative） 系动词不能独立构成谓语，须和表语连在一起才能构成谓语。系动词的分类：感官动词Look, sound, taste, smell, appear终止性动词表变化的动词Become, come, get, make, run, work表依旧的动词Remain, stay, stand, keep, continue延续性动词1. House are too expensive in the big city now.主语 系动词 程度状语 表语 地点时间状语2. None of these answers is right.主语 主语的定语 系动词 表语 3. He is my brothers best friend in their school. 主语 系 定语 表语 地点状语(修饰名词的单词或短语叫定语；修饰谓语动词的单词或短语叫状语)第三句型（并列宾语） 主语+及物动词（vt）+宾语(Object) 1. He left his wallet at home this moring. 主语 vt 宾语 地点状语 时间状语2. My mother enjoy the play very much. 主语 vt 宾语 程度状语3. You must have meet her yesterday. 主语 助动词 vt 宾语 时间状语第四句型（双宾语） 主语+vt+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物） 一般情况句型四中间接宾语放在直接宾语之前，若要把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前则要在直接宾语与间接宾语之间加“to”或“for”（sth. tofor sb.）。 常见的to for动词如下: For buy, choose, cook , fetch, find, doGet, leave, make, order, paint, playSave, sing, spare, win, gain, prepare To Afford, allow, assign, award, bring, denyGive, hard, lend, offer, owe, passPromise, send, post, pay, refuse, recommendReturn, sell, show, teach, tell, throw, wish第五句型（复合宾语） 主语+vt+宾语（Object）+宾语补足语该句型中“宾语+宾语补足语”这种结构合称为复合宾语（The structure of complex object）。常见复合宾语：drivemake sb madcrazywildget sth cleandirtydrywetopenshutclosedkeepleave sthsb coolfreshshutopensafeorderlywipe sth cleandryout该句型变被动语态时宾补（在被动语态中叫主补）不得提前。该句型中宾补由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语及非谓语动词充当，其中非谓语动词包括不定式和分词，在该句型中不定时可以省略不定时符号“to”。省略不定式符号的动词共“11个半”：help(可省可不省)feelhear,listenhave,make,letsee,notice,watch,observe,look at半个“帮助”，一个“感觉”，两个听说，三个“让”，四个“看”。以上这些词其后有不定时做宾补时省略“to”,被动时还原“to”。1.The parents called their baby “Tony”. 前位定语 主语 vt 定语 宾语 宾语补足语2.We all made my deskmate monitor of the class. 主语 同位语 vt 定语 宾语 宾补 宾补的定语3.We found it hard to keep food fresh in hot days. 主语 vt 形式宾语 宾补 keep的复合宾语 状语 英语动词时态英语时态是英语语法中的第一首难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。英语各种时态构成表：以play为例： 一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在playishashasplaysam playinghave playedhave been playingare过去playedwashad playedhad been playingwere playing将来shallshallshallshallwill playwill be playingwill have playedwill have been playing过去shouldshouldshouldshould将来would playwould be playingwould have playedwould have been playing一、一般现在时：1. 构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。(1) 直接加 “s”，works, takes(2) 以辅音加 “y” 结尾，变 “y” 为 “i”, 再加 “es” carry carries(3) 以 “o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”goes dresses watches brushes 2. 功能：(1) 表现在的事实、状态或动作：eg：. Birds fly. . She loves music.(2) 表习惯性动作或职业，常与 often, sometimes, usually, always, every week, seldom, occasionally, frequently 等时间副词连用。eg：. I always take a walk after supper.(3) 表客观真理，格言警句或事实：. The earth moves round the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。(4) 表将来： A. 在由 when, after, before, as, as soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。 （黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！）例如： . Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. . Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. . Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不错的句型，背下！） . Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go. （很感人的句型！） B. 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。 . The play begins at 6:30 this evening. . When does the plane take off? . He leaves for that city next week. . According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）二、现在进行时： is/am/are +现在分词1. 表示现在正在进行的动作。如 . The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? . Dont you think you eat too much? Youre putting on weight. (体重增加) . The workers are building a new bridge across the reiver.2. 表示现阶段正进行的动作。 . He is taking physics this semester. （本学期） . We are preparing for our final examination this week.3. go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示 即将开始的动作。 . Look! The bus is coming. 看！车来了！ . The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. . Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.4. 与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。 . He is always thinking of others.（他总是想着别人。） . The boy is continually making noises. （这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。） . The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late. （老师一直在批评她迟到。）5. 下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道）understand（理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得）look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有）sound （听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心）like（喜欢），hate （讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）【简单记忆】：