初中英语八上二单元、情态动词解.doc

Unit 2 Whats the matter? 二 .重点词组(Key Phrases) have a cold患感冒 stressed out紧张的，有压力的 bean sprout豆芽 get tired感觉疲惫stay healthy 保持健康at the moment此刻，现在on the other hand另一方面get a cold 患感冒see a dentist看牙医go to the party去参加聚会make sb sick 使某人不舒服(患锁病) have a sore throat 嗓子痛have a fever 发烧，发热have a toothache 牙痛have a backache背痛have a headache头痛三 .交际用语 1 关心别人：你怎么啦？Whats the matter?Whats the matter with you?Whats wrong? Whats wrong with you? 2 关心别人：你是不是得（病）了呀？Do you have a fever? Are you hungry? 3 should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not.关心别人：你应该，你最好，为什么？You should go to bed early. You shouldnt eat anything for 24 hours. Youd better go to bed early. Youd better not eat anything for 24 hours. Why not go to bed early? Why dont you go to bed early? 4关心自己：我不舒服，我病了，我饿了Im not feeling well I have a headache. I am hungry. 5 关心自己：我应该，我最好I should see a doctor. Id better see a doctor 6 评价建议, 表达祝愿Im sorry to hear that. Im sorry to hear that you are not feeling well. Yes, I think so. Thats a good idea. I hope you feel better soon.四. 重点难点释义(Language Points) 1Whats the matter, Judy? 朱迪，你哪里不舒服？（你怎么了？）matter n.问题，麻烦，事件，通常与介词“with”连用：Whats the matter with him?他怎么了？这个句型可以与下面这两个句子互换：Whats wrong with him? Whats the trouble with him? wrong是形容词，前面没有“the”; matter和trouble都是名词，前面应有“the”, trouble前还可以用形容词性的物主代词。e.g. Whats your trouble, young man?年轻人，你怎么了？ 2I have a sore throat. 我喉咙痛。（1）have vt.患（得）病，（不用于进行时态） e.g. He had a bad cold last week.他上周患了重感冒。She often has a stomachache. 她常胃（肚子）疼。一般情况下用havean.表示患了某种疾病。 （2）sore“痛，疼”，通常指因发炎引起的肌肉疼，在表示身体的某部位疼痛时，常置于部位名词前。ache常指持续性的疼痛，它常与身体部位的名词构成复合词，如：headache头痛，backache背疼等。3You should drink some hot water. 你应该喝点热水。 should情态动词“应该”，shouldnt“不应该”，其后接动词原形，没有人称和数的变化，用于提出建议。e.g. You should be more careful next time.你下次应更加小心。 She shouldnt go to the party.她不应该去参加晚会。用来表示建议还可能用以下句型：Lets go to play soccer.我们去踢足球吧。Why not go home together?为什么不一起回家呢？（一起回家吧。）How /What about watching TV?看电视好吗？4Im not feeling well.=I dont feel well.我觉得不舒服。（1）feel v.（自己）感觉到，（心情）觉得，形容I feel hungry/sick. （2）well adj.健康（well只有作“健康的”讲时才是形容词）feel well 表示“身体上舒服”feel good表示“心情上舒服”e.g. The good words made her feel good.那些好话使她觉得心里很舒服。I hope you feel better soon.我希望你能马上感觉好点。better 是well的比较级。 5Do you have a cold?你感冒了吗？cold在这里是名词，意为“感冒”。患感冒：have a cold, catch (a) cold, get a cold.cold还可用作形容词，意为“冷的，寒冷的”。e.g. Its so cold today that I have a cold.。第一个cold是形容词，第二个cold是名词。6Then ask classmates for advice.向你的同学征求建议。（请你的同学提出建议advice意为“建议，忠告”，是不可数名词。一条建议a piece of advice两条建议two pieces of advice.一些建议some advice与advice搭配构成短语的有ask sb. for advice 请提出建议give sb. advice给提出建议take ones advice采纳某人的建议refuse ones advice不听某人的劝告、忠告“有关的建议”应用advice on /about sthIll give you a piece of advice on how to learn English well. 我将给你一条关于如何学好英语的建议。 7. How to talk about our health .问某人哪儿不舒服。When we are not feeling well , we often go to see the doctor . The doctor will ask :Whats wrong (with you) ? Whats the matter (with you) ? Whats your trouble ? What happens to you ? (Is there) anything wrong with you ? 都表示“你怎么了”。叙述病情。There is something wrong with my tooth . 我的牙出问题了。Doctor , Im not feeling well . 我感觉不好，医生。I feel terrible . 我感觉糟透了。I feel very ill . 我感觉病得很重。This place hurts . (Ive got a pain here) 这个地方疼My leg hurts . 我腿疼。I dont feel like eating . 我不想吃东西。I have a cold . 我感冒了。I have a fever . 我发烧了。I have a headache . 我头疼。处置或提出建议：1)Open your mouth , please . 张开嘴。I want to take your temperature . 我想测测你的体温。2)Take this medicine three times a day .这个药一天吃三次。3) Take three pills before you go to bed . 睡前服用三片。4) Youd better stay in bed till tomorrow . 最好卧床休息到明天。5) Drink lots of water and have a good rest . 多喝水，好好休息。6) You should lie down and rest . 卧床多休息。7) You should drink hot tea with honey . 你应该喝加蜂蜜的热茶。8) You should see a dentist . 你应该去看牙医。9) You should go to bed early . 你应该早点上床（休息）8.Whats the matter with?= Whats the trouble with?= Whats wrong with? 怎么了？Whats the matter with you/ Lily/ your bike/ your ear? =Whats the trouble with you/ Lily/ your bike/your ear? = Whats wrong with you/ Lily/your bike/your ear?你/ Lily/你的自行车/你的耳朵怎么了？There is something wrong with .=Something is wrong with 有毛病/出了问题。There is something wrong with my bike/Lilys back= Something is wrong with my bike/Lilys back我的自行车/ Lily的后背出了毛病/有问题Is there anything wrong with your bike/Lilys back?你的自行车/ Lily的后背出问题了吗？There is nothing wrong with my bike/ Lilys back我的自行车/ Lily的后背没有出毛病。9.I have a headache= I have an ache in my head.= My head aches.我头痛。He has a sore back.= He has a pain on his back. = He has a backache. 他后背痛。注：ache常指连续性的疼痛；sore常指因发炎而引起的肌肉疼；pain常指肉体上的剧烈疼痛。10. a few 有些，几个（表示肯定）用于修饰可数名词复数形式。a little = a bit of一些（表示肯定）用于修饰不可数名词。12. Traditional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of cooling yin and hot yang to be healthy .传统中医认为我们需要通过阴阳调和来保持健康。其中a balance of平衡keep a balance of保持一个平衡如keep a balance of nature保持自然（生态）平衡。be healthy，keep healthy，stay healthy都是保持健康的意思。healthy是个形容词，其名词形式为health .13. on the other hand 另一方面。经常与on (the) one hand一起连用。表示一方面另一方面。如： On one hand we should study hard , on the other hand we should keep healthy .我们一方面要努力学习，另一方面应该保持身体健康。五.语法知识 1.情态动词should作为情态动词，三种人称，单、复数通用。主要用法有：（1）表示义务、责任，相当于汉语的“应当”。Children should be taught to speak the truth.应该教导儿童讲老实话。You shouldnt be so careless.你不应该如此粗心大意。（2）表示可能性、推测或推论，相当于汉语的“可能”“该”。Grandma should be home by now，I think.我想奶奶现在该到家了。（3）在提出意见、请求、建议时，可用should表示委婉、谦逊的语气，相当于汉语的“可”“倒是”“想”。I should say it would be better to try it again.我看最好再试试。I should like to have a talk with you.我想跟你谈一谈。I should think so.我可也是这么想的。2.might（1）作为may的过去式，表示可以做的事情或可能发生的事。He asked if he might glance through my album.他问我可不可以翻翻我的相册。She was afraid they might not like the idea.她担心他们可能不赞成这个想法。（2）代替may，表示可以做的事或可能发生的事。Might I ask for a photograph of your baby?我可否要一张你宝宝的照片？（比may 更客气一些）You might as well speak your mind.你不妨把心里的话都讲出来。（比may 显得更婉转一些）You might have some fever.你可能有点发烧。（3）在表示目的等状语从句中构成谓语。He works hard so that he might become better-off someday.他努力工作以便有一天能生活得富裕些。He died so that the others might live.为了使其他的人能活下去他自己牺牲了。（4）在虚拟语气中构成主句的谓语。She might have learnt more if she had made better use of her time.她要是时间使用得好些是可能学到更多东西的。初中英语情态动词用法归纳2. could的用法：（1）.can的过去式，意为“ 能、 会”，表示过去的能力。如：He could write poems when he was 10. 他十岁时就会写诗。（2）. could在疑问句中，表示委婉的语气，此时 could 没有过去式的意思。如:Could you do me a favour? 你能帮我个忙吗？Could I use your pen? 我能用一下你的钢笔吗? Yes, you can.可以。（注意回答）3. may的用法：（1）.表示请求、许可，比can 正式，如：May I borrow your bike? 我可以借你的自行车吗？You may go home now. 现在你可以回家了。_ I borrow your MP3? Sure . Here you are. (2) .表示推测，谈论可能性，意为“ 可能， 或许”，一般用于肯定句中。 如：It may rain tomorrow . 明天可能会下雨。She may be at home. 她可能在家呢. (3) .may的过去式为might ，表示推测时。可能性低于may。 如：He is away from school. He might be sick. 他离开学校了，可能是他生病了。 (4) . 表示希望、祈求、祝愿，常可译为“祝愿”。通常是用may +主+V 例如：May you have a good time. 祝你过得愉快。 May you be happy! 祝你幸福！ May you succeed！祝你成功！4. must的用法：(1).must 表示主观看法，意为“必须、一定”。 如：You must stay here until I come back.在我回来之前你必须呆在这儿。Must I hand in my homework right now? 我必须现在交作业吗？(2) 其否定形式mustnt表示“ 一定不要 ” “千万别” “禁止, 不许”. 如：You mustnt play with fire. 你不许玩火。You mustnt be late. 你一定不要迟到。（3）对must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为neednt 或 dont have to .如：Must I finish my homework?我现在必须完成作业吗？No, you neednt.不，你不必。 (4)must表示有把握的推测，用于肯定句。如: The light is on, so he must be at home now.灯亮着，他现在肯定在家。注意其反意问句的构成形式：当must表示肯定的判断、推测时，其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。如：She must have seen the film before，hasnt she?(注意反意疑问句的后半部分)You must have met uncle Wang in the shop yesterday，didnt you? (注意反意疑问句的后半部分)5. need的用法：（1）.need 表示需要、必须，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，其否定形式为neednt，意为“没有必要，不必”。 用need 提问时，肯定回答为 must，否定回答为 neednt或dont have to。 如：Need I stay here any longer? 我还有必要留在这儿吗？Yes, you must .是的。No. you neednt /dont have to. 不， 你不必。(2).need 还可以作实义动词，此时有人称、数和时态的变化，如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。如：I need to do it right now. 我需要马上做这件事。He needs to learn more about the girl.他需要多了解那个女孩。如果是物作主语，一般用need doing 与 need to be done这种情况下应注意两点：.主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义；.该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。例如：. The door needs painting. = The door needs to be painted. 那扇门需要油漆一下。Your car needs mending. = Your car needs to be repaired. 你的车需要维修了。6. dare 的用法：dare意为“敢、敢于”, 用法近似于need，有两种词性：（1）dare 作为情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中，无第三人称单数形式，只有一般现在时和一般过去时。如：Dare he tell them what he knows? 他敢告诉他们所知道的情况吗？I darent ask her will you do it for me? 我可不敢问她，你能帮我问问吗？（2）dare 作为实义动词，此时有人称、数及时态的变化。如：He doesnt dare to break his promise.他不敢食言。注：在口语中，dare 的各种形式常与不带to 的不定式连用。如：Do you dare tell her what I said?你敢告诉她我说的话吗？I didnt dare look at him.我不敢看他。7. shall 的用法：shall表征求对方意见（多用于第一、三人称）Shall we go out for a walk? 我们出去散步好吗？在英语中，我们可以用其他多种方式提出我们的建议或征求对方意见。(1).用“Lets do.”来提出建议。如：Lets go for a walk after supper.(2).用“What/How about.?”来提出建议；about后接名词或动词ing形式。如：What about/How about a drink? What about/How about taking Tom with us?(3).用“Why not.?”来提出建议，表示“何不”not面后接动词原形。“Why not.?”实际上是“Why dont you/we.?”的简略形式(4).用“Would you like.?”来提出建议，意思是“你想要吗?”9. will 的用法：will表示意愿、意志、打算，可用于多种人称。如：I will help you if Im free this afternoon. 注意：1、will在there be句型中的形式及其句式变换。 由于“一般将来时”的结构可以用“will+动词原形”来表示，所以there be句型的一般将来时的形式就是there will be。（一定不能说there will have）例如： There are many students in our school. There will be many students in our school. 2、will 与be going to do sth区别：. be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will 表示的将来时间则较远一些，如：He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day. . be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old. . be going to 含有“计划，准备”的意思，而 will 则没有这个意思， .在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 10. had better 的用法：考点三:不同情态动词的否定意义也不同：1.（1）.cant可译为“不会”， 如：I cant play basketball. 我不会打篮球。（2）当句子表推测时，用cant 表达不可能， 如：He cant be ill.（3）cant 还可用来回答“ May I ? ” 这样的问句。 如：May I come in ? 我可以进来吗？No, you mustnt. / cant. 不，你不能。（4）cant 还可用于固定习语中。cant help doing 禁不住，情不自禁 cant wait to do sth 迫不及待如：She cant help crying. 她不禁大哭起来。The children cant wait to open the box. 孩子们迫不及待地想打开盒子。2. may的否定式为 may not，译成“ 可能不”，如：He may not be at home. 他也许不在家。3.（1）mustnt 表示不许，不可。如：He mustnt leave his room. 他不许离开他的房间。(2) mustnt 也可用于以 may 表示要求时的否定回答中。如：May I stand here? 我可以站在这里吗？No, you mustnt (cant). 不，不行。4.（1）neednt 意为“ 不必”。（2）neednt + have+ 动词的过去分词，表不需要完成但已完成的动作，暗含时间或精力上的浪费。如：You neednt have bought it. 你没必要买它（但你却买了）。5. shouldnt 表示不应该。如：You shouldnt feel so unhappy over such little things. 对于这种小事，你不应该感到这么不高兴。考点四:情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为： 情态动词+ be + done (动词的过去分词)。More and more trees must be planted in China.在中国必须种植更多的树木。Many of the stars can not be seen because they are far away from us.很多星星我们都看不到，因为它们离 我们太远了。考点五: 情态动词表示推测的用法:一、“情态动词+动词原形”表示对现在的推测。1、can表示推测时一般用于否定句或疑问句。如：That man cant be her husbandshe is still single. Who is knocking at the door?Can it be the postman?2、must表示肯定的推测，一般用于肯定句中。如：He must be in his office now.Mr Li must be working now， for the lights in his office are still on.3、might 表示推测时不一定是may的过去时，只是表示其可能性较小。如：The man may be the headmaster.Where is Mr Li? He might be working in his office. May Mr Li come? He might not come here.4、Could表示推测时，语气can比要弱，说话者留有余地。如：Could it be an animal?It could not be， because it is not moving.5、Should表示推测的可能性比较大，仅比must的可能性 小一点。如：It is already 10 oclock now they should be there.二、情态动词表示对过去可能发生的动作或存在过的动作的推测性用法。1、“must +have done/been-”表示“过去一定发生过某事或存在过某种状态”，不用于“musnt+have-”形式。2、“should +have done /been-”表示“本应当做某事，而实际上并没有做”；“ shouldnt+完成式”表示“本来不应当做，而实际上却做了”。以上结构常带有说话者的责备的感情色彩。如：You should have finished your homework earlier (but in fact you did not finish it on time).3、“neednt+完成式”表示“本来没有必要做某事，而实际上却做了”。如：There was plenty of time. She neednt have hurried .4、“cant /couldnt+have done /been-”表示“过去不可能发生了某事或存在过某种状态”。如：I saw him just now. He cant have gone to Japan.5、“could+have done/been-”表示“过去本来能够，可以做某事或成为某种状态，而实际上没有”，说话者有些遗憾。“could sb. have done /been-？”是它的问句形式。如：You could have stayed with the Smiths while you were in New York (but in fact you stayed in a nearby hotel .) Could Mr Li have helped this girl student?6、“may/might+完成式”表示“过去可能，本来可以于某事而实际上没有干”，might的可能性较小，语气较弱。如：He may have finished reading the book. She might have given you some help，however bus she was.【情态动词易混点归纳】易混点一: can和be able to:两者表示能力时用法相同，但can只有原形“can”和过去式“could”两种形式，在其他时态中 要用be able to 来表示。另外 be able to 常常指经过努力，花费了时间和劳力之后才能做到某事。易混点二:can和may1. can 和 may 均可用来征求意见或许可，意为“可以”， 一般可互换使用。如：Can/ May I help you ? 我能帮助你吗？2. can 和may 表示可能性时的区别：1)在肯定句中用 might，may，must，不用can 2)在疑问句中表示推测用can，不用 might，may，must3) 在否定句中用cant（不可能）， 不用 may， must。 如：She may be in the classroom . 她可能在教室里。Where can they be now? 他们现在可能在哪儿？That cant be true. 那不可能是真的。易混点四：cant 和 mustnt1. cant 根据其基本用法可译为：（1）不会。如：I cant speak English . 我不会说英语。（2）不能。如：We cant do it now because its too dark.天太黑了，我们现在干不了。（3）否定句中表示推测。“不可能”，如：The man cant be our teacher because he is much younger than our teacher. 那个人不可能是咱们老师，他年轻得多。2. mustnt 意为“ 禁止、不许”， 用来表达命令，表示强烈的语气。 如：You mustnt play football in the street. Its too dangerous.你不可以在街上踢足球，太危险了。【参考答案】1. 1-5 A D A B B 2. 1-5 C D B C A 3. 1-3 C A A 4. 1-3 D B C 5. 1-4 C B C C6. 1-3 B A B 7. 1-3 C C C 8. 1-3 A D B二1.ADABB 2.CDBCA 3.CAA 4.DBC 5.ABCC 6.CAB 7.CCC 8.ADB初中英语过去进行时讲解及练习(一）定义 过去进行时，是表示过去某个具体时刻正在进行的事情或动作。（二）结构was/were +doing (现在分词）三）用法1、过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, whil例如：1）We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.（2）What was he researching all day last Sunday?上周日他一整天都在研究什么？（3）My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来，受伤了。（4）It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。（5）When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.当我到达山顶的时候，阳光灿烂。 2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如：What was she doing at nine oclock yesterday? 昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点)When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)3. 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如：While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)4、表示在过去即将发生的动作。如：She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.5、表示过去的反复性或习惯性的动作，常与副词always,constantly,continually,frequently等连用，常常带有说话人的某种感情色彩。如：His mother was always working like that.他目前总是那样工作。6. 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。例如：误：I was