供应链管理考试复习资料最终版.doc

1. The supply chain not only includes the manufacturer and supplies, but also transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customers service. Within each organization, such as a manufacturer, the supply chain includes all functions involved in filling a customer request. These function include, but are not limited to, new product development,markering，operations，distribution finace，and customer service.2The main Transportation Modes: _Air_, _Package carriers_,Truck ，Rail，Water。3、Bullwhip effect, in which fluctuations in orders increase as they move up the supply chain from retailers to wholesalers to manufacturers to suppliers.4、Markets in the 21st Century have some crucial characteristics, as follows: Higher customer service, Lower delivery cycle, Larger breed variety, Lower product life cycle.5、overstocking is inventory exceeds demand.6、TL means full trackload7、B2B means Business to Business8、. Understocking is _ Demand exceeds amount available9、.Demand forecasting methods Qualitative ,Time Series ,Causal ,Simulation1.关于经济批量的各种数据：Optimal Lot Size (EOQ)（经济批量）Annual demand（年采购量）Order Cost （订购费用）Cost per unit/price（单件费用/价格）Holding cost per year as a fraction of product cost（年单件储存费用）Holding cost per unit per year（年单件储存费用率)Lot Size(批量）Reorder interval（订货间隔）2.What is the main characteristics of forecasts?预测的特征：答：1，预测总是有错误的，因此它包括对预测价值和误差的测量。 2，长期预测通常没有短期预测准确，也就是说相对于短期预测长期预测的误差标准范围更大。 3，综合预测比独立预测准确，因为综合预测相对于独立预测标准差小。 4，一般而言，公司供应链越大，它接受的信息会越失真。3：When managers make decidions they must think of their environment the environments as follows？当经理们决定他们必须考虑他们的环境环境如下答：Supply chain strategy or design（供应链战略与设计） Supply chain planning（供应链规划） Supply chain operation（供应链运作）4.Systems thinking requires that companies and their employees understand their place in the larger chain therefore，the following must be addressed4。系统思维要求企业和员工了解自己的位置在较大的链，因此，以下的必须解决的问题答：建立核心目标、系统边界界定、内部关系确定、信息要求确定、进行平衡分析、考虑系统约束5.What is the factors influencing network design decisions is supply chains？在供应链网络的设计决策的影响因素。答：战略性因素，技术因素，宏观经济因素，政治因素，基础设施因素，竞争因素，顾客反应时间，物流和设施成本。Strategic 、Technological、Macroeconomic、Political、Infrastructure Competitive、Logistics and facility costs6.What is the main demand forecasting methods？需求预测的主要方法。答：定性法，时间预测法，随机法，模仿法。1. Demand, D = 12,000 computers per year ；Unit cost, C = $500Holding cost, h = 0.2；Fixed cost, S = $5,000/order Q = 1095 computers 、 Cycle inventory = Q/2 = 548 Flow time = Q/2D = 2.45weeks、 Annual holding cost=547722. Demand, D = 12,000 computers per year ； Unit cost, C = $500Holding cost, h = 0.2；Fixed cost, S = $4,000/order. Q = 980 computers / Cycle inventory = Q/2 = 490Flow time = Q/2D = 0.49 month / Reorder interval, T = 0.98 month3、 Obtain the aggregate plan（红番茄）Period No. No. Laid Workforce Overtime Inventory Stockout Subcontract Total Hired off Size Production0 0 0 80 0 1,000 0 0 1 0 15 65 0 1,983 0 0 2,5832 0 0 65 0 1,567 0 0 2,5833 0 0 65 0 950 0 0 2,5834 0 0 65 0 0 267 0 2,5835 0 0 65 0 117 0 0 2,5836 0 0 65 0 500 0 0 2,583Tc=$422,275 Revenue= $640,000 Profit= $217,725供应链的含义What is a supply chain?A supply chain consists of all parties involved,directly or indireetly,in fulfilling a customer request.The supply chain includes not only the manufacturer and suppliers,but also transporters,warehouses,retailers,and even customers themselves.Within each organization,such as a manufacturer,the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and filling a customer request.These functions include,but are not limited to,new product development,marketing,operations,distribution,finance,and customer service.【1.】Decision phases in a supply chain供应链的决策阶段:1.Supply Chain Strategy or Design;2.Supply Chain Planning;3.Supply Chain Operation【2】.Process view of a supply chain供应链的进程观点:1.Cycle view;2.Push/Pull view供应链的具体流程1.CRM(Customer Relationship Management);2.ISCM(Internal supply chain management);3.SRM(Supplier Relationship Management）【3.】战略合适的意思Strategic fit mean that both the competitive and supply chain strategies have aligned goals. 战略适应意味着竞争和供应链策略对准目标。A company s success or failure is thus closely linked to the following keys:1.The competitive strategy and all functional strategies must fit together to form a coordinated overall strategy.2.The different functions in a company must appropriately structure their processes and resources to be able to execute these strategies successfully.3.The design of the overall supply chain and the role of each stage must be aligned to support the supply chain strategy.【4】Drivers of supply chain performance影响供应链效应的驱动者:1.Facilities设备;2.Inventory库存3.Transportation运输4.Information信息5.Sourcing资源；6.Pricing价格【5】Components of inventory decisions库存的种类:1.Cycle Inventory经常库存；2.Safety Inventory安全库存；3,Seasonal Inventory季节库存【6】performance of a distribution network should be evaluated along two dimensions供应商网络效应评价的两个指标:1.Customer needs that are met;2.Cost of meeting customer needsinfluenced by the structure of the distribution network【7】影响供应链分销网络的服务因素：.1.Response time;反应时间2.Product variety产品种类；3.Product availability产品的供应能力；4.Customer experience顾客经验；5.Time to market进入市场的时间；6.Order visibility订单的可跟踪性；7.Returnability回收的可能性【8】Distribution network:分销方法1.Manufacturer storage with direct shipping;2.Manufacturer storage with direct shipping and in-transit merge;3.Distributor storage with package carrier delivery;4.Distributor storage with last-mile delivery;5.Manufacturer/distributor storage with custumer pickup;6.Retail storage with customer pickup【9】The role of network desigh in the supply chain:供应链网络设计所包括的部分1.Facility role设施角色；2.Facility location设施的布局；3.Capacity allocation匹配能力；4.Market and supply allocation匹配市场和供应【10】Factors influencing network design decisions影响供应链网络设计的因素：1.Strategic factors;2.Technological factors;3.Macroeconomic factors;4.Political factors;5.Infrastructure factors;6.Competitive factors;7.Customer response time and local presence;8.Logistice and facility costs【11】每一种设施在战略中的角色：1.近海设施-出口生产；2,资源设施-全球生产;3.服务设施-区域生产;4.顾客设施-有发展能力的区域生产;5.村落设施-区域生产设备建设去获得当地的技能力;6.领导设施-发展和技术的进展NPV代表net present value(净现值），是指通过一定的贴现率将未来的资金折算成现值就是净现值。【12】Characteristics of forecasts预测的特点：1.Forecasts are always wrong and should thus include both the expected value of the forecast and a measure of forecast error.2.Long-term forecasts are usually less accurate than short-term forecasts.3.Aggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than disaggregate forecasts,as they tend to have a smaller standard deviation of error relative to the mean.4.In general,the farther up the supply chain a company is,the greater is the distortion of information it receives.【13】Forecasting methods are classified according to the following four types.预测的方法：1.Qualitative;2.Time series;3.Causal;4.SimulationL预测水平（estimate of level) T预测趋势（estimate of trend) ST预测季节因子（estimate of seasonal factor) DT实际的需求（actual demand) FT预测需求(forecast of demand)ET预测误差（forecate error） MSE均方差（mean squared error) AT绝对误差（absolute deviation) MAD绝对均差（mean absolute deviation) 标准差（standard deviation)MAPE绝对平均差（mean absolute percentage error) Bias