计算机英语实用教程Unit 8.doc

司爱侠 张强华 宋德富 张美兰 编著 计算机英语实用教程电子教案Unit 8 Internet【教学目的】 Learn about the English terms of Internet: Internet，Intranet，hypertext，www，address，E-mail，hypertext link，HTTP，ISP，Web browser，DNS，GUI，HTML，protocol，URL，host，IP address Improve the students ability to understand the long and difficult sentences in the text. Master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text. consolidate the technical terms and important professional phrase by doing exercises. 【教学重点难点】Important technical terms: Internet（英特网），Intranet（内联网），hypertext（超文本），WWW（万维网），address（地址），E-mail（电邮），hypertext Link（超文本链接），HTTP（超文本传输协议），ISP（英特网服务供应商），Web browser（网络浏览器），DNS（域名服务），GUI（图形用户界面），HTML（超文本标识语言），protocol（协议），URL（统一资源定位符），host（主机），IP address（IP地址） Difficult sentences: 1. Domain name service is the means by which a name (like or ) gets converted into a real Internet address that points to a particular machine.2. GUI A graphical user interface is a graphics-based means of communicating with a program, especially an OS or window manager. In fact, a window manager can be thought of as a GUI for a CLI OS.3. Optionally an octothorp character “#” and arguments will follow the file name; this can be used to further define position within a page and perform a few other tricks.4. A 32-bit address assigned to each host that participates in a TCP/IP internet. IP addresses are the abstraction of physical hardware addresses just as an internet is an abstraction of physical networks. To make routing efficient, each IP address is divided into a network portion and a host portion. Review the important points of essential English1. typically adv. 2. with介词短语的复合结构【教学步骤】Step OneRead and explain Text A to the students and ask the students to keep in mind the following professional terms:Internet（英特网）: The Internet is the world-wide network of computers.Intranet（内联网）: An intranet is a private network.hypertext（超文本）: A hypertext document is like a text document with the ability to contain pointers to other regions of (possibly other) hypertext documentsWWW（万维网）: The World-Wide-Webaddress（地址）: The unique location of an information site on the InternetE-mail（电邮）: Electronic Mailhypertext link（超文本链接）:An easy method for retrieving information by choosing highlighted words or icons on the screen.HTTP（超文本传输协议）: Hypertext Transfer ProtocolISP（英特网服务供应商）: Internet Service ProviderWeb browser（网络浏览器）: A software program that lets you find, see, and hear material on the DNS（域名服务）: Domain name serviceGUI（图形用户界面）: A graphical user interfaceHTML（超文本标识语言）:The hypertext markup languageprotocol（协议）: A protocol is a means of communication used between computers.URL（统一资源定位符）: A uniform resource locatorhost（主机）: Any end-user computer system that connects to a networkIP address（IP地址）: A 32-bit address assigned to each host that participates in a TCP/IP internet.Step Two Help the students to analyze the following long difficult sentences: 1. Domain name service is the means by which a name (like or ) gets converted into a real Internet address that points to a particular machine.本句中有两个定语从句，by which a name (like or ) gets converted into a real Internet address修饰the means，意思是“用这种方法把一个域名转换成一个真正的英特网地址”；that points to a particular machine.修饰a real Internet address，意思是“一个指向特定机器的真正的英特网地址”。全句的参考译文是：“域名服务就是提供一个方法，通过该方法把一个域名（如或）转换为指向特定机器的真正的因特网地址”。2. GUI: A graphical user interface is a graphics-based means of communicating with a program, especially an OS or window manager. In fact, a window manager can be thought of as a GUI for a CLI OS.本句解释GUI（图形用户界面）。表语是“基于图形的与一种程序进行通讯的一种方式”；especially引出a program的同位语，“尤其是一个操作系统或视窗管理器/程序”。后一句说的是“视窗管理器可以看作是命令行操作系统的图形界面”，其中的缩略语CLI 的全名是Command Line Interface。全句的参考译文为：“图形用户界面是与一个程序，尤其是与一个操作系统或视窗管理器基于图形的通信方式。实际上，一个视窗管理器可以被看作是命令行操作系统的图形用户界面”。3. Optionally an octothorp character “#” and arguments will follow the file name; this can be used to further define position within a page and perform a few other tricks.本句进一步解释URL（统一资源定位符），即一个具体的页面内的文件地址，可以“通常在文件名后选用#号和函数”，其中的argument的意思是a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variable（一个变量在逻辑或数学表达式的值确定依赖变量;若f（x）=y ， x是独立变量）；最后的名词trick不能认为是“诡计”或“骗局”，它能表示：a period of work or duty即“任务”，“义务”。这样全句的参考译文为：“也可以选择性地在文件名后面跟#和函数；这可以在一个网页内进一步定位并执行一些其他任务”。4. A 32-bit address assigned to each host that participates in a TCP/IP internet. IP addresses are the abstraction of physical hardware addresses just as an internet is an abstraction of physical networks. To make routing efficient, each IP address is divided into a network portion and a host portion.本句解释IP地址。先说“IP地址是分配给参与TCP/IP互联网的每一个主机的一个32位地址”；接着是一个类比，说“正如英特网是对物理网络的抽象，IP地址是对物理硬件地址的抽象”；make routing efficient为“使路由高效率”；a network portion and a host portion“网络部分和主机部分”。全句的参考译文可以是“IP是一个32位地址，分配给参与TCP/IP互联网的每一个主机。就像互联网是对物理网络的抽象一样，IP地址也是对物理硬件地址的抽象。为保证路由效率，每一IP地址分为网络部分和主机部分”。Step ThreeReview the important idioms of essential English1. typically adv. 其形容词为typical，英汉词典上常译成“典型的”，“象征性的”，其实typical还有一个意思：used when you are giving an average or usual example of a particular thing即给出一个普通的或通常的例子，因此经常被译成“一般说来”，“通常”等。如本课中typically的例句： There is only one Internet, and thus it is typically capitalized (although it is sometimes referred to as “the net”). 只有一个因特网，所以通常其第一个字母大写（虽然有时也说成“网络”）。The hypertext transfer protocol is the native protocol of browsers and is most typically used to transfer HTML formatted files.超文本传输协议是浏览器自己的协议，最为一般地是用于传递HTML格式的文件。Text B中有一句：Thus the FTP programs that do not support both modes of operation will typically only do the binary mode, as binary transfers are capable of transferring both kinds of data without corruption.本句中的both modes of operation指的是ASCII, and binary，并说Transmitting an ASCII file via the ASCII mode of operation is more efficient and cleaner. Transmitting a binary file via the ASCII mode of operation will result in a broken binary file.“通过ASCII操作模式传输ASCII文件更加有效更加清楚。但通过ASCII模式传输二进制文件往往会损坏二进制文件”。读懂前面的意思，我们就可以把这句翻译了：“因此不支持两种模式的FTP程序通常使用二进制模式，因为二进制传输两种数据文件都不会受到损伤”。2. with介词短语的复合结构 With后的宾语名词后可以加名词、形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词（包括分词和不定式）等，有时候后面还可以延续，形成很长的复合结构。其语法功能视上下文的逻辑关系而定。把本课中的一个with复合结构解剖一下：A hypertext document is like a text document with the ability to contain pointers to other regions of (possibly other) hypertext documents.With后名词ability后跟不定式，不定式的宾语pointers再跟介词to短语。这个with复合结构修饰a text document，语法上说是后置定语，但由于内容上讲了与普通文本文档的区别，因此逻辑上说是表示对照，因此可以用“然而”，“但是”把不同的地方引导出来，这样译文就流畅了。参考译文：“一个超文本文档就像一个文本文档，但它包含有到超文本文档（也可能是其他超文本文档）的其他区域的指针”。Step Four Text B 难句解析1. Together the HTTP server and the CGI programs are responsible for servicing a client request by sending back responses.本句讲CGI (Common Gateway Interface公共网关接口)。主语Together the HTTP server and the CGI programs“HTTP服务器和CGI程序一起”；谓语动词are responsible for“负责”；servicing a client request by sending back responses“通过反馈回应主机的请求”。全句参考译文：“HTTP服务器和CGI程序共同通过反馈负责回应主机的请求”。2. CGI is at the heart of the Web as far as Web browsers being able to support a variety of protocols (http, ftp, gopher, news, telnet).As far as表示“说到”，也就是“说到网络浏览器能够支持各种协议，如http, ftp, gopher, news, telnet等，公共网关接口是整个网络的中心”。The messages appear almost instantly on the screens of others participating in the chat session.本句解释BBS。Chat session成了固定名词短语“聊天会话”。全句的参考译文：“在聊天会话时，输入的信息及时出现在另外参加聊天方的屏幕上”。3. Client-ServerThe model of interaction in a distributed system in which a program at one site sends a request to a program at another site and awaits a response. The requesting program is called a client; the program satisfying the request is called a server. It is usually easier to build client software than server software.这是解释主机服务器的。“分布式计算机系统中互动模式的运作方式是一边的程序发送一个请求到另一边的一个程序并等待回应。请求程序叫作主机；满足请求的程序就是服务器。通常创建一个主机程序要比创建一个服务器程序要简单”。4. Any computer hooked up to ISDN（integrated service digital network综合数字业务网） will typically require other special equipment in lieu of（作为的替代）the modem, however.前面说到ISDN（integrated service digital network综合数字业务网）是不需要modem的：it is a digital connection a modem is not needed，因此这句话说，“但是任何挂靠在ISDN的计算机通常需要另外的专门设备来替代modem”。5. The TCP/IP standard protocol that defines the IP datagram as the unit of information passed across an internet and provides the basis for connection-less, best-effort packet delivery service.这句话解释TCP/IP standard protocol，后面的定语从句有两个并列的动词defines和provides，第一谓语说的是“TCP/IP标准协议把IP自带寻址信息的数据包定义为通过英特网传输的信息单位”；第二谓语说的是“TCP/IP标准协议提供连接少尽力交付的信息包传送服务。全句的参考译文：“TCP/IP标准协议把IP自带寻址信息的数据包定义为通过英特网传输的信息单位，并提供连