Enlightenment 英国文学史启蒙运动.doc

The 18th century 1Enlightenment Intellectual movement an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.2. Classicism balance, proportion, decorum and restraint attributed to the major works of ancient Greek and Roman literature 3Difference 17th and 18th Classicism 17 please the declining aristocracy 18 for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order.4Joseph Addison and Richard Steele essayistsRichard Steele and The TatlerThe Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers. contained several essays. in a conversational style Joseph Addison and “The Spectator“The Spectator, a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together. it contained a gallery of vivid portraits of the members of the so-called Spectator Club.supposed to be edited by a small club headed by Mr. Spectator The most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club，and these sketches become the forerunner of the modern English novel.They attempted to improve manners and moralcontribution1. new code of social morality for the bourgeoisie.2. picture of the social life 3. the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.5.Alexander Pope most important English poet,representative of the Enlightenment,one of the first to introduce rationalism to England,master in satiric and didactic verseAn Essay on Criticismheroic couplet, aesthetic theories. a comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism. .Essay on Manheroic couplet, indicates political and philosophical viewpointThe Rape of the Lockmock-heroic poem, in which he satirized the triviality and silliness of the high society with a delicate wit. The Dunciad the Iliad of DuncesPope was also an editor of Shakespeares plays. the poet laureate桂冠诗人an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school 6、Jonathan Swift master satiristThe Battle of the Books satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modern writers. Thought ancient writers were better than the modern ones. A Tale of a Tub（木桶的故事）a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion. Gullivers Travels (fiction work) Lillipu,Brobdingnag,Flying Island,Houyhnhnmparticular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventures on some remote islandfloating island of Laputa . absent-minded philosophers and astronomers. satirizes the scientists who keep themselves aloof from practical life.island of Sorcerers. satire against all kinds of English social institutions. Pamphlets on Ireland:denounced the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government. The Drapiers Letters A Modest Proposal7.Defoe forerunner of the English realistic novel. all take the form of memoirs or pretended historical narratives, everything in them gives the impression of reality.jack-of-all-trades great in journalism and authorship Moll FlandersRobinson Crusoe based on a real factPlot:It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.Meaning:realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island,representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. best qualities: his marvellous capacity for work, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend before his will. Defoe glorifies human labour and the hero of bourgeoisie and defends the policy of colonialism of British government. 8.Samuel Richardson Pamela the first modern novelnoted as a storyteller, letter-writer and moralizer.Pamela a series of letters from the heroine to her parentsgirl of virtue, bear the burden of a profligate放荡的 husband and how she does all her best to reform him. 意义a.pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b. moral instruction. c. secret thoughts and feelings. the first English psycho-analytical novel.9.Henry Fielding father of the English novel, comic epic in prose,first to give the modern novel its structure and stylenovelist, dramatist, essayist, pamphleteer, indeed a versatile man. began by attacking Richardsons Pamela . criticized for its excessive sentimentality and its utilitarian moralityher secret pleasure in the temptations and her dexterous熟练的 manoeuvring to secure the rewards of virtue（把贞操当作商品待价而沽）ridiculing Pamelas brother, Joseph Andrews, under the same temptations this novel called “a.” 散文滑稽史诗Other works:Joseph Andrews.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundlingfrom the great thief Jonathan Wild to the great minister Robert Walpole to all the great men of the ruling classes.Tom Jones is Fieldings masterpiece, a panoramic全景的 picture of England10.Tobias Smollett Roderick RandomLaurence Sterne The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy11. English Drama not reach the same high level as novelRichard Brinsley SheridanThe Rivals The School for Scandal best English comedy since shakespeare12.Samuel Johnson lexicographer, critic and poetA Dictionary of the English LanguageBoswells Life of Johnson become a classic of English biography.13.Edward Gibbon 吉朋The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empirehis classical and elevated style a model for succeeding historians and prose-writers.14.Sentimentalism prized feeling over thinking, passion over reasonsincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasantscriticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions. 15.Oliver Goldsmith poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist Poems: “The Traveller” “The Deserted Village” (best) in the heroic couplet. Novel The Vicar of Wakefield16.Thomas Gray “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” which is a model of sentimentalist poetry. 17.Pre-romanticismstrong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. 18.Robert