中石油职称英语考试2013版课文2.doc

指的就是6、他三年级的老师写道：“他母亲的死对他打击很大，他尽力做好，但他父亲对他不够关心，如果不采取一些措施的话，家庭生活很快就会影响到他。”7.Teddys fourth grade teacher wrote,Teddy is withdrawn and doesnt show much interest in school. He doesnt have many friends and sometimes sleeps in class.7、特迪四年级的老师写的是：“特迪性格孤癖，对学习不感兴趣。他朋友很少，有时还在班里睡觉。”8.By now,Mrs. Thompson realized the problem and she was ashamed of herself. She felt even worse when her students brought her Christmas presents,wrapped in beautiful ribbons and bright paper,except for Teddys. His present was clumsily wrapped in the heavy,brown paper that he got from a grocery bag. Mrs. Thompson took pains to open it in the middle of the other presents. Some of the children started to laugh when she found a rhinestone bracelet with some of the stones missing and a bottle that was one quarter full of perfume. She stifled the childrens laughter when she exclaimed how pretty the bracelet was,putting it on,and dabbing some of the perfume on her wrist.8、到现在为止，汤普森夫人才意识到了问题所在，她为自己感到羞愧。当学生们为她带来那些圣诞礼物时，这种感觉更加强烈了，礼物都用漂亮的丝带和彩纸包装着，除了特迪的。他的礼物包装显得很笨拙，粗质的褐色包装纸也是从食品袋里找到的。在一堆其它人的礼物中间，汤普森夫人耐心地打开了它，她看到里面有一个人造钻石手镯，其中一些石子已经遗失了，还有一瓶只剩下四分之一的香水。有些孩子笑了起来，她制止住孩子们的笑声，惊呼这个镯子是多么漂亮，她带上了它，并洒了些香水在手腕上。9.Teddy stayed after school that day just long enough to say,Mrs. Thompson,today you smelled just like my Mom used to. After the children left she cried for at least an hour.9、那天放学后，特迪呆了很长时间，只说了一句：“汤普森夫人，今天你身上的香水味就像我妈妈过去一样。”在孩子们都离开后，她哭了不下一个小时。10.On that very day,she quit teaching reading,and writing,and arithmetic. Instead,she began to teach children.10、就在那一天，她放弃了教阅读、写作和算术。相反，她开始教育孩子们。11.Mrs. Thompson paid particular attention to Teddy. As she worked with him,his mind seemed to come alive. The more she encouraged him,the faster he responded. By the end of the year,Teddy had become one of the smartest children in the class and,despite her lie that she would love all the children same,Teddy became one of her teachers pets.11、汤普森夫人特别关注特迪。和她在一块的时候，他的头脑好像又活跃起来了。她越是鼓励他，他的反应越快。到这一年结束时，特迪已经成为这个班里最聪明的学生之一，尽管她曾撒谎会同样爱所有的学生，特迪却成为她“最喜欢的学生”之一。12.A year later,she found a note under her door,from Teddy,telling her that she was still the best teacher he ever had in his whole life.12、一年以后，她在她门缝下发现一个短笺，是特迪写的，告诉她她仍是他一生中最好的老师。13.Six years went by before she got another note from Teddy. He then wrote that he had finished high school,second in his class,and she was still the best teacher he ever had in his whole life.13、六年后，她又收到来自特迪的另一张短笺，说他以班级第二的成绩从高中毕业了，她仍是他一生中最好的老师。14.Four years after that,she got another letter,saying that while things had been tough at times,hed stayed in school,had stuck with it,and would soon graduate from college with the highest of honors. He assured Mrs. Thompson that she was still the best and favorite teacher he ever had in his whole life.14、又过了四年，她收到另一封信，里面说尽管不时遇到困难，他还会呆在学校里，继续完成学业，而且很快他就会以优秀的成绩从大学毕业了。他向汤普森夫人保证说，她仍然是他一生中最好的也是他最喜欢的老师。15.Then four more years passed and yet another letter came. This time he explained that after he got his bachelors degree,he decided to go a little further. The letter explained that she was still the best and favorite teacher he ever had. But now his name was a little longer. The letter was signed,Theodore F. Stoller,M.D.15、又一个四年过去了，他又写来一封信，这次他解释说，在获得学士学位后，他决定继续深造，信里还解释说她还是他最好的、最喜欢的老师，但是这时他的署名有些长了。署名的地方写着：医学博士西奥多F斯托勒。16.The story doesnt end there. You see,there was yet another letter that spring. Teddy said hed met this girl and was going to be married. He explained that his father had died a couple of years ago and he was wondering if Mrs. Thompson might agree to sit in the place at the wedding that was usually reserved for the mother of the groom.16、故事并没有这样结束。你瞧，那个春天还有一封信呢。特迪说他遇到了一位女孩，并且马上要结婚了。他解释说他父亲几年前去世了，想知道汤普森夫人是否愿意在婚礼上坐在新郎母亲的位置上。17.Of course,Mrs. Thompson,did. And guess what? She wore that bracelet, the one with several rhinestones missing. And she made sure she was wearing the perfume that Teddy remembered his mother wearing on their last Christmas together.17、当然，汤普森夫人去了。你猜怎么着？她戴着那个手镯，就是遗失了几颗石子的那一个。而且她特意用了特迪上次和她过圣诞节时送给她的他妈妈以前用过的香水。18.They hugged each other,and Teddy whispered in Mrs. Thompsons ear,Thank you,Mrs. Thompson,for believing in me. Thank you so much for making me feel important and showing me that I could make a difference.18、他们相互拥抱，特迪在汤普森夫人耳边轻轻地说：“汤普森夫人，谢谢你信任我。非常感谢你让我觉得自己很重要，而且使我觉得我能够变得不同。”19. Mrs. Thompson, with tears in her eyes, whispered back. She said, Teddy, you have it all wrong. You were the one who taught me that I could make a difference. I didnt know how to teach until I met you.19、喊着泪水，汤普森夫人也轻轻地对他说：“特迪，你弄错了，是你让我知道能够改变，知道遇到你我才知道怎么教学。”40.An Introduction to Petrochemicals 石油化工产品概述1. The petroleum era was ushered in by the 1859 finding at Titusville,Pennsylvania,but the flourishing of chemicals from petroleum has been only since the early twentieth century. Natural gas and petroleum are in fact our chief sources of hydrocarbons. Natural gas is quite variable in composition,but the major constituent (60%) is methane. Other components are the homologous alkanes,ethane,propane,and higher hydrocarbons. In terms of volume,most of the natural gas produced is used for fuel,although a substantial amount is used as raw material for the synthesis of various types of chemicals. 1、1859宾西法尼亚洲Titusville地区钻出油井，开创了石油时代。但从石油中成功地提取化学产品，则直到20世纪早期才开始。实际上,天然气和石油是我们碳氢化合物的主要来源。天然气在成分上不大稳定，但主要成分(60)是甲烷。，其他组分有同系烷、乙烷、丙烷以及高分子碳氢化合物。从数量看，尽管有相当数量的天然气用作各种合成化合物的原料，但所生产的大多数天然气用作燃料。2. The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum,natural gas,and natural gas liquids as sources of raw materials. It is likely that in excess of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are derived from these sources. 2、化学工业的原材料来源严重依赖石油、天然气和液态天然气。当今所应用的上千种不同的基本有机化学产品中很可能有超过90的产品来自这些资源。3. The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is considered by some to be a mature industry. However,as is the case with the latest trends in changing crude oil types,it must also evolve to meet changing technological needs. 3、石油化学工业是随着石油工业发展起来的，而且有人认为已是一个成熟的工业部门。然而，从原油类型变化的最新趋势来看，石油化学工业同样需要进一步发展以适应技术发展的需要。4. The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents is an excellent example of the conversion of such materials to more valuable products. The individual chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas are numerous and include industrial chemicals,household chemicals,fertilizers,and paints,as well as intermediates for the manufacture of products,such as synthetic rubber and plastics. 4、从石油和天然气组分中生产化学产品或化学中间产品极好地证明了这些物质能够转换成更有价值的产品。从石油和天然气提取的单个化学产品数量众多；包括工业产品、家庭用品、化肥、油漆、以及用于生产其他产品的中间产品，如合成橡胶和塑料。5. The processing of petroleum hydrocarbon to yield materials that are,essentially,the building blocks of other chemicals industries,is now very extensive. 5、石油碳氢化合物通过加工所生产的物质，基本上是其他化学工业的预制品，这种加工目前范围十分广泛。6. Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum. Gasoline,kerosene,fuel oils,Lubricating oils,waxes,asphalts,and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals,since they are not,in the true sense,chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons. 6、石化产品一般指直接或间接地从石油中提炼的化合物，这些化合物往往是石油炼制各种过程中产生的副产品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青以及诸如此类的产品不属于石化产品。因为，从严格意义上说，它们不是化合物，而是烃类的均质混合物。7. The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds,but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources,and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification. 7、象“石化产品”这样的物质分类用来表明化合物的来源。但应记住，许多我们所熟知的石化产品也可以通过其他途径生产，因而这一名称只是用来识别原料。8. The starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from crude petroleum in one of two general ways. They may be present in the virgin petroleum and as such,are isolated by physical methods,such as distillation or solvent extraction. On the other hand,they may be present in trace amounts and are synthesized during the refining operations. In fact,unsaturated hydrocarbons,which are not usually present in virgin petroleum,are nearly always manufactured as intermediates during the various refining sequences. 8、石化工业的初始原料大概通过一到两种方法从原油中提取。这些原料物质，也许本身就存在于原油当中，因此通过物理方法加以分离，如蒸馏和溶取。同时，这些物质也可能因含量低而在炼制作业中生成了合成物。实际上，原油中一般不存在非饱和烃，几乎所有的非饱和烃都是在各种炼制过程中作为中间产品而产生的。9. The manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response of the various compound types to basic chemical reactions,such as oxidation,halogenation,nitration,dehydrogenation,addition,polymerization,and alkylation. The low-molecular-weight paraffins and olefins,as found in natural gas and refinery gases,and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can readily be isolated and dealt with. A wide range of compounds is possible,many are being manufactured,and we are now progressing the stage in which a sizable group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum. For example,the various reactions of petroleum heavy ends,in particular the asphaltenes,indicate that these materials may be regarded as chemical entities and are able to participate in numerous chemical or physical conversions to,perhaps,more useful materials. The overall effect of these modifications is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes comparatively easily or the formation of products bearing functional groups that may be employed as a nonfuel material. 9、从石油生产化学品的依据是各种类型的化合物对各种基本的化学作用感应迅速，如氧化作用、卤化作用、硝化作用、脱氢作用、添加作用、聚合作用和烷基化作用。迄今为止，人们最感兴趣的是从天然气和炼厂气中所得到的低分子量石蜡和稀烃，以及简单芳烃，因为这些物质能够进行迅速分离和处理。大量化合物都有望得到、其中许多化合物正在生产。目前我们正在探索如何从石油的重质馏分中提炼数量可观的产品。比如，石油重质尾部馏分，尤其是沥青质的各种反应表明这些物质可以看成化学本质，也许能够通过各种化学和物理反应转变成更有价值的产品。这些变化的总体效应是，所生产的物质，或者能够相对容易地提供高品质芳焦，或者能够形成功能族产品，用作非燃料材料。10. For example,the sulfonated and sulfomethlated materials and their derivatives have satisfactorily undergone tests as drilling mud thinners,and the results are comparable to those obtained with commercial mud thinners. In addition,these compounds may also find use as emulsifiers for the in situ recovery of heavy oils. There are also indications that these materials and other similar derivatives of the asphaltenes,especially those containing such functions as carboxylic or hydroxyl,readily exchange cations and could well compete with synthetic zeolites. Other uses of the hydroxyl derivatives and / or the chloroasphaltenes include high-temperature packings or heat transfer media. 10、比如，将磺化物质、磺甲基化物质及其衍生物作为钻井泥浆稀料进行测试，效果令人满意，其应用效果可以同商业泥浆稀料相媲美。此外，这些化合物也可用作重油初采的乳化剂。另有迹象表明，这些物质和沥青质的其它类似衍生物，尤其是具有诸如羧基和羟基功能的物质，能够迅速地交换阳离子，并且同沸石形成有力抗衡。羟基和或含氯沥青的衍生物的其他用途包括用作高温包装材料和热传递介质。11. Reactions incorporating nitrogen and phosphorus into the asphaltenes are particularly significant at a time when the effects on the environment of many materials containing these elements are receiving considerable attention. Various measures have been and will be taken to release such effects. 11、将氮气和磷混合成沥青的化学反应尤为重要，因为含有这些元素的物质对环境造成的影响正受到严重关注。人们已经且还要采取各种措施来减少这些影响。12. Nevertheless,the main objective in producing chemicals from petroleum is the formation of a variety of well-defined chemical compounds that are the basis of the petrochemical industry. It must be remembered,however,that ease of separation of a particular compound from petroleum does not guarantee its use as a petrochemical building block. Other parameters,particularly the economics of the reaction sequences,including the costs of the reactant equipment,must also be taken into consideration. 12、不过，从石油生产化学制品的主要目的在于，生产出大量具有明确界定的化合物，以奠定石化工业的基础。但是必须清楚，如果某种化合物能够容易地从石油中分离出来，并不表明它一定就是石化产品的预制品。其它因素，尤其是生产这些化合物的经济因素，包括反应设备的成本，必须考虑在内。41.The Subject of Smiling微笑问题1.In the spring of this year, a Beijing television channel produced a program called, Smile. It televised the reaction of people on the street when confronted with a smile from an unknown person, chosen at random. Most people were either surprised or seemed a little worried. A few more enthusiastic people even muttered that the person who smiled was crazy. The number of people who actually returned the smile could be counted on one hand.1、这一年春天，北京电视台以微笑为题作了一档街头调查节目：请一些人在街道上对着遇到的行人微笑，以观察行人的反应。结果多数人现出惊讶或紧张的表情，更激烈些的则骂一声“神经病”。回报以微笑的路人屈指可数。2.It seems Chinese people dont really like to smile and thats the impression they convey to the world.2、中国人不太爱笑，这差不多是个国际印象。3.What is not understood by outsiders is that smiling in China is a very meaningful and subtle thing. Around 781 BC, there was a monarch called Zhou You Wang, who cared little for ruling his country. Instead, he much preferred to chase women. One of his Ministers gave the Emperor a beautiful woman, whom the Emperor really liked, except for the fact that she would never smile. After trying countless different methods to get her to smile, a Minister came up with an idea. He suggested the Emperor light the twenty or so signal fires which were spread around the capital city to warn people when the country was in danger of war. The Minister thought the fires would summon the Warlords and Dukes to bring their armies to the capital and, when the woman saw the chaos caused by tricking the armies, she would surely laugh.3、外国人不明白，笑在中国是一件内涵颇深的事情。大概在公元前781年，一位称作周幽王的君主，酷好美女，无心国政。有大臣便将一名美女献给他。周幽王非常喜欢她，但这个美女从未笑过。百般招数无效后，有一大臣出主意让周幽王点燃烽火。京城附近有20多座烽火台，这是为战争时向诸侯求救而建立的信号台。大臣认为诸侯见到烽火就会赶至京城，美女看到兵“慌”马乱的情形，一定会笑出来。4.The Zhou Emperor tried this idea and, sure enough, it made the beautiful woman laugh. Later, when a real enemy came and the Emperor lit the signal fires, the Generals didnt respond, thinking it was just another trick. Thus, the Emperor and his beautiful woman were both captured. Today, the Chinese refer to this story of Emperor Zhou as, Signal fires joke with the Generals.4、周幽王照此办理，果真引得美人一笑。只是后来外敌来犯，周幽王的烽火没能把曾受骗的诸侯召来，至使自己命丧敌手。那位美女也被敌人掳了去。这一桩君王逗美女一笑的故事，就是今天中国人所知的“烽火戏诸侯”。5.There are four main Chinese classical stories that deal with this problem of smiling. The books are A Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, and Journey to the West. The main character in A Dream of Red Mansions is a young master, no older than 15 or 16, named Jia Baoyu. When trying to get a servant girl to smile, he prepared a bunch of paper fens for her to rip. When the servant heard the ripping sound, she couldnt contain her happiness and broke into a smile. The mother of the young master took a dislike to the girl and found an excuse to cause her death.5、中国有四大古典名著（红楼梦、三国演义、水浒、西游记)，红楼梦中的男主人公是年龄不过十五六岁的王府少爷贾宝玉。这少爷为讨婢女的笑脸，备下大堆的纸扇给她撕，这女子听到撕扇声就乐不可支。结果是少爷的母亲看不惯这位婢女的张扬，找了个碴，置她于死地。6.In the 8th century AD, there was an Emperor named Tang Ming Huang who doted on one of his concubines. A famous poet of the time, Bai Juyi, wrote a poem describing the beauty of this concubine. The poem says, If she but turned her head and smiled, there were cast a hundred spells, and the powder and paint of the Six Palaces1, faded into nothing. However, a tragic ending to the life of this beautiful concubine came about when a few Generals rose up against the Emperor. The Emperor needed a gesture to boost the morale of his loyal soldiers and urge his concubine to provide the gesture by committing suicide. 6、公元8世纪，有一位被称作唐明皇的皇帝，对一个妃子宠爱有加。当时著名的诗人白居易在诗中形容这位妃子魅力：“回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色”。这个有媚人笑容的妃子的结局更惨：当那些背叛皇帝的军人挑起战乱时，皇帝不得不逼迫她自杀以安抚军心。7.From some of the examples above, it seems the ideal taught is, Women arent allowed to smile, and men arent allowed to demand that they smile. Besides these examples, there are some ancient idioms related to smiling, sun as Hide a dagger behind a sharp smile and put on a false smile. These idoms could refer to the sinister plans of an unexpected enemy or the indiscretion that sometimes occurs in the world. The saying, smiling adds ten years to your life, sounds good, and is true if one gains a physical or mental benefit.7、从上面这些旷世之笑中，似乎可以得出“女人不可发笑，男人不可讨笑”的教训。此外，还有一些流传久远的，与笑有关的成语笑里藏刀、皮笑肉不笑也许道出了人世的险恶和处世的谨慎。“笑一笑，十年少”，这条古训看上去正面了不少，却充满着功利。8.I remember in the 1980s, I interviewed the Vice President of a high class hotel, which was state run, but eventually became a joint-venture between a Chinese and foreign ownership. At the time, everything was in short supply and the foreign guests gave the hotel staff a nickname of No because the standard reply to most inquiries was always, No. We dont have it. The attitude of the hotel staff was usually downbeat and smiles were extremely hard to come by.8、记得上世纪80年代末，我采访一个星级酒店的副经理。合资前，这是一家国营饭店。那个时代服务业的人员被外国人称为“没有”因为当时商品匮乏，要什么都回答“没有”；服务态度也出奇地差，一笑难求。9.In the course of my interview with the Vice President, we came to the subject of smiling. The Vice President, who came from a military background, resolutely told me, In my Hotel, we want a proletariat smile and, definitely, dont want a capitalist smile. After all, my employees are people too, why would they want to smile at a guest unless they had reason to?9、我就同这位副经理谈到了微笑服务。军人出身的副经理坚定地告诉我:“在我的酒店，只要无产阶级的微笑，绝不要资产阶级的微笑。我们的服务员也是人，无缘无故，为什么要对客人笑？”10.Smiling, and not smiling, according to some people, is a form of respect.10、笑与不笑，在一些人眼里是关乎尊严的大事。11.David Lamb is a reporter who wrote about the Vietnam War for the L.A. Times, and later wrote a book describing Vietnams development during times of peace. In his book, he wrote, During my first encounters with the Vietnamese during a time of peace, what struck me was the smile. Faces aglow, their smiles seemed natural and spontaneous, not a forced, mechanical flash of politeness, but rather an expression straight from the heart. A European businessman told me he had rejected a posting in China for one in Vietnam because in China, people are distant and somber. They frown all the time. In Vietnam, I walk out my door in the morning, and peo