考研英语(二)强化班-翻译(钟平)讲义.docx

课程铸就品质 服务感动学员Although not so world widely accepted, people who are emotionally weak in daily business are often losers who are not able to fulfill any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure.Science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constrains of organized religion and from the political constrains of the centralized modern authority.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.Private businessmen. striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.Under a system deployed on the white house website for the first time at last time, those who want to send a message to President Bush must now navigate as many as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by asking whether the sender of the message supports the white house policy or differs with it.These comments, whether accepted, clarified the norms and requirements of the covenant which was already in power in practice and enabled the committee to make a significant contribution to the justice promotion in a particular right or issue, while other article has failed to function as has been expected in those meetings which was held with great hope.The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind and it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrializationwith all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followedwas spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Tylor defined culture as “ that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a societyWhorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a societyI shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems .Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouragedthe transmission of the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functionalsimilarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them.A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .篇章翻译：1The evolution of experimental psychologyThe range of methods taught now would have amazed an experimental psychologist of a century ago.Experimental psychology as taught in American universities has changed over the century from being attached to specific subject matters to being primarily methodological.Edward B. Titcheners four-volume Experimental Psychology, published between 1901 and 1905, blocked out the limits of experimental psychology as a subject at the time. The acceptable included sensation, perception, emotion, memory, action and similar topics. Later on, conditioning and learning would be added to the canon by others. Titchener organized his book around fundamental methods, which lent themselves to specific subject matters.Titcheners book remained influential throughout the 1920s and into the 1930s, though it had competition from others. The term experimental psychology, came to stand for those fields that were then most conducive to experimental research.Woodworths book became the bible of psychological researchers for decades. He popularized the concepts of independent and dependent variables in his book and lamented that developmental and abnormal psychology had not yet reached the level of genuine experimentation.His second edition of the book, published with Harold Schlosberg in 1954, continued the traditional listing of content topics as experimental psychology. S.S. Stevenss Handbook of Experimental Psychology, published in 1951, was perhaps the last successful one-volume compendium of all content topics within traditional experimental psychology. 2Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the worlds airlines do - roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction , but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.3 “Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. Hed been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didint go well. “It was a really had move because thats not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, Just wait, youll trun the corner, give it some time.”4When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing coun