2020高考英语大二轮复习冲刺经典专题语篇部分专题一阅读理解第2讲推理判断类教学案.docx

第2讲推理判断类题型概述题型破解1 逻辑分析推断隐含意义解题指导1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；2.整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。典例(2019全国卷C篇)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private espaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.28Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?ATo reduce pressure on keys.BTo improve accuracy in typing.CTo replace the password system.DTo cut the cost of espace protection.解析D根据第一段最后一句以及第二段第一句可推知，研究者研发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。故选D。29What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?AComputers are much easier to operate.BFingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.CTyping patterns vary from person to person.DData security measures are guaranteed.解析C题干问的是“是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能”，也就是问这一发明的核心依据是什么。根据第二段中的“These patterns are unique to each person.Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities .”可知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安全访客。故选C。2 文体特点推断写作意图解题指导1.记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；2.应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；3.说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，故应找准主题句；4.议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。典例(2018浙江高考A篇)In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain . In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose charactersfrom Oliver Twist to Tiny Timwere held up as moral touchstones . How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a halfdozen of them. Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But its also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possibleand important for our own cultureto understand how he made himself a lasting one.23What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo remember a great writer.BTo introduce an English novel.CTo encourage studies on culture.DTo promote values of the Victorian age.解析A本文为一篇记叙文，介绍了狄更斯在英国文学中的地位以及他是如何获得此殊荣的。从最后一段中的“But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, .”可知，本文写于狄更斯诞辰200周年纪念前夕，显然是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故答案选A。3 忠于措辞推断观点态度解题指导1.注意作者或文中人物的措辞：分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断；2.牢记观点态度的常见词语：支持肯定：positive(积极的)、supportive(支持的)、optimistic(乐观的)、humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant(愉快的)；中立：neutral(中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；否定反对：negative(否定消极的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的)、critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)。典例(2018北京高考D篇)The possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. . While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. . Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesnt extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.50What is the authors attitude to the future of selfdriving cars?ADoubtful. BPositive.CDisapproving. DSympathetic.解析B由文章中对无人驾驶汽车的期待的语气及第二段讲无人驾驶汽车的优点“The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.”可知，作者对无人驾驶汽车的未来持积极态度。故选B。4 语言特色推断出处解题指导1.广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；2.报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活为主；3.杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；4.产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；5.药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；6.网络：文体不限，找到click here, download, upload, link, mouse, surf等网络标志语。典例 (2019安徽皖北高三联考C篇)About 1.5 billion people speak English around the world. But for more than 1.1 billion of them, English is their second languageoften with a noticeable accent.“Someones accent really reveals a lot about who they are and their identity. It will tell people what their native language is and probably where they come from，” says Marc Pell, a communications professor at McGill University in Montreal. And according to Pell, one reaction to it can be a bias (偏见) against that person.Previous research that has been done elsewhere showed that people who have an accent tend to be trusted less, simply because they have an accent. But accents arent the only thing we listen for when we have to decide if we trust another person. Tone of voice also plays a role. Pell and his team wanted to know if people would trust a confident tone, even if it came from someone with an accent.The researchers had Canadian English speakers listen to different versions of people saying neutral (无明显特性的) statements like “she has access to the building” while they were getting a brain scan in an MRI (磁共振成像) machine. Subjects heard someone say it with a confident tone with a Canadian English accent, an Australian accent or a French accent. Participants also heard the sentence with the three accents spoken in a doubtful or neutral tone.The MRI scans showed that the participants had to use more brain power to decide if they could trust the statements said with the nonnative accents. When the study participants heard the Australian or French accents, blood flow increased to the part of the brain that we use to process sound. They seemed to have to analyze that perhaps more carefully, or for a longer period of time to make this decision about whether they truly believed the speaker, especially when the speaker sounded doubtful. When asked, the participants reported not trusting either Australian or French accentsexcept when the statements were said confidently. It seems that confidence speaks for itself.31Where does this text most probably come from?AA research plan. BA health magazine.CAn academic journal. DA languagelearning guide.解析C文章前两段指出说英语有口音带来的负面影响，第三段开始介绍研究成果并呈现一个新的研究：在带口音的情况下，语气自信和能否赢得信任的关系。接着详细描述了实验过程和结果，结合文中的关键词“Previous research”，“The MRI scans showed”判断文章最有可能来自学术期刊。故选C。5 写作思路推断文章结构解题指导1.了解常见写作手法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间顺序；按地点或空间顺序；按内容总分关系；按人物活动内容；2.把握写作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述的事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或论证过程中使用的论证方法进行推理判断和分析总结时，准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。典例(2016四川高考D篇)A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. . Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.35How does the author support the theme of the text?ABy giving examples.BBy stating arguments.CBy explaining statistical data.DBy providing research results.解析D根据原文中的has found, Researchers have discovered, the study及Previous studies have also indicated等信息可知，作者以呈现研究的事实结果的方式来写作本文。故答案选D。过关检测(限时：35分钟)(2019太原质量监测)Its that time of year when people need to lock their cars. Its not because there are a lot of criminals running around stealing cars. Rather, its because of goodhearted neighbors who want to share their harvest. Especially with this years large crop, leaving a car unlocked in my neighborhood is an invitation for someone to fill it will zucchini (西葫芦)My sisterinlaw, Sharon, recently had a good year for tomatoes. She and her family had eaten and canned so many that they began to feel their skin turn slightly red. Thats when she decided it was time to share her blessings. She started calling everyone she knew. When that failed, she began to ask everyone in the neighborhood like a politician, eventually finding a neighbor delighted to have the tomatoes. “Feel free to take whatever you want，” Sharon told her. She felt happy that she could help someone and that the food didnt go to waste.A few days later, Sharon answered the door. There was the neighbor, holding a loaf of bread. The neighbor smiled pleasantly, “I want to thank you for all of the tomatoes, and I have to admit that I took a few other things and hoped you wouldnt mind.”Sharon couldnt think of anything else in her garden that had been worth harvesting and said so. “Oh, but you did，” the neighbor said. “You had some of the prettiest zucchini Ive ever seen.”Sharon was confused. Zucchini in her garden? They hadnt even planted any zucchini. But her neighbor insisted that there really are brightgreen zucchini in Sharons garden. Sharons curiosity got the better of her and she had to go and see where the zucchini had grown. The two of them walked together into the backyard. When the neighbor pointed at the long green vegetables, Sharon smiled. “Well, actually, those are cucumbers that we never harvested, because they got too big, soft and bitter for eating or canning.”The neighbor looked at Sharon, shock written all over her face. Then, she smiled, and held out the bread that she had shared all over the neighborhood, “I brought you a loaf of cucumber bread. I hope you like it.”篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述了作者所在的社区邻里之间互相分享一些农产品的事和期间闹出的一些笑话。1Why does the author suggest that people in the neighborhood lock their cars?AThey might be stolen by thieves.BThey might be moved away by the police.CTheir neighbors might fill them with their harvest.DTheir neighbors might throw rubbish in them.答案：C推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Rather, its because of goodhearted neighbors who want to share their harvest.”并结合上下文可推知，这是因为他们热心的邻居会把收获的东西塞进未上锁的车里。故选C。2How did those who received Sharons call react to the invitation to take her tomatoes?AThey refused to take it.BThey accepted it with pleasure.CThey promised to come when they were free.DThey recommended someone else who like them.答案：A推理判断题。根据第二段中的“She started calling everyone she knew. When that failed .”并结合上下文可知，Sharon给所有熟人打电话让他们来她家里拿西红柿，结果都失败了；由此可推知，他们拒绝来她家拿西红柿。故选A。3What did the neighbor do in Sharons garden?AShe harvested tomatoes only.BShe harvested zucchini by accident.CShe took some cucumbers mistakenly.DShe stole something without Sharons permission.答案：C细节理解题。根据第三至五段的内容可知，Sharon的邻居在她的园子里摘西红柿时，误把黄瓜当作西葫芦摘走了。故选C。4We can infer from the article that the neighbors bread would taste _.Abitter but tasty Bstrange and bitterChard and sour Dsoft and sweet答案：B推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Well, actually, those are cucumbers that we never harvested, because they got too big, soft and bitter for eating or canning.”和下文可知，邻居是用Sharon园里的味道苦涩的老黄瓜做的面包；由此可推知，邻居的面包尝起来味道应该会很怪而且是苦的。故选B。(2019河北衡水中学高三模拟)If you are like most students, you probably sit still while learning a new language. However, sitting still may not always be the best way to learn. English learners can improve their language skills through movement, says Tamara Jones. She works at the English Language Center at Howard Community College in Maryland.So, what is the relationship between physical movement and the brain? The idea is that the brain and the body are joined together. This means that one affects the other.Many people are familiar with the idea that the brain tells the body to move. And many people are familiar with the idea that repeating an action over and over again helps your brain to remember. However, some research, such as a study by Morsella and Krauss, suggests that your body might help your brain to find memories. Specifically, movements we make with our body, such as hand gestures, may help us to remember and use the correct words.This idea is part of the reason why experts on learning strategies, which are ways to improve the learning process, suggest using movements. One learning approach, the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach, or CALLA, calls the use of movements “Using Your Kinesthetic (动觉的) Sense”Beyond helping the brain to find memories, movements also aid in learning, says Tamara Jones. “Theres a lot of research that suggests what you do with your body, you remember with your brain. And also, a lot of these physical movements will encourage us in class or in life, when we are practicing on our own, to repeat and repeat and repeat the word as we are doing the physical movement, and this also helps us remember the word.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，动起来有益于语言学习，也就是说大脑和肢体的结合有助于语言技能的提高。5Why does the author refer to Morsella and Krauss?ATo measure their achievement. BTo prove Jones opinion right.CTo introduce the theme of the passage. DTo present a commonly？held idea.答案：B推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“English learners can improve their language skills through movement, says Tamara Jones.”以及第三段中的“a study by Morsella and Krauss, suggests that your body might help your brain to find memories .”可知，Morsella和Krauss的观点是身体可能有助于人们找寻记忆，记起并准确地使用单词，与文章首段中Tamara Jones的观点是一致的。因此作者提到这两个人是为了证明Tamara Jones的观点是正确的。故选B项。6How can physical movements affect ones learning?ABy shortening the repeating process. BBy motivating the brain to remember things.CBy helping one to study in a relaxed state. DBy enabling one to use advanced words.答案：B推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“movements we make with our body, such as hand gestures, may help us to remember and use the correct words”并结合最后一段的内容可知，肢体运动有助于刺激大脑进行记忆，由此可知选项B正确。7Which statement may Tamara Jones agree with?AKnowledge starts with practice. BThe body can control the brain deeply.CMovements help the brain work better.DLanguage learners must be more active.答案：C细节理解题。根据文章首段内容可知，Tamara Jones的观点是身体运动能帮助英语学习者提高语言技能，再结合第二段内容可知C项观点(运动可以帮助大脑更好地工作)与其观点最接近。因此C项符合题意。8What does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph mean?APracticing English on your own. BSpeaking the word again and again.CGrasping an effective learning strategy. DRepeating words while moving your body.答案：D指代判断题。根据最后一段中的“to repeat and repeat and repeat the word as we are doing the physical movement, and this also helps us remember the word”可知，this指代的应是and前的内容，即当我们在做身体运动时不断地重复单词。故选D项。(2019天津高考)Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heavenknowswhat motives, he determines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote (堂吉诃德). And the story poses an interesting question：why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before?Weve all known people who run_out_of_steam before they reach lifes halfway mark. Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We cant all get there. Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.The thin