APS复习准备资料独创.doc

1、概述审核部给申请人的小提示:复习一遍成绩单提到的科目，着重复习其中最重要的内容。您不需要为了审核面谈再学习任何专业知识，您也不用回忆起所学的全部课程内容！您可以在审核面谈中用德语或英语，又或者用两种语言陈述您所学过的大学课程。但不能用汉语！您的德语或英语水平应该达到能够理解考官的问题，回答考官的问题，并且能够简短的介绍自己所学的科目。 仔细听考官的问题，并回答他的问题，如果您没有听懂他的话，可以请求他重复一遍问题或解释一下问题。 请您具体的讲述您在课上都做了些什么和都学了些什么。举出例子。您可以用绘画，图表，表格，公式和方程式表述您的课程。您只是不该沉默！ 请您千万不要只给出泛泛的定义和不要背诵您之前准备的知识，而您本身并不理解它。如何准备？首先先是每门课程的一句话概括，可以研究一下重点课程的目录，说说都学了什么，不一定全掌握，但至少要能讲出几个理论，而且在科目选择是要有重点，一些不太重要的课程可以基本不用看，会概括两句话说说就行，自己的专业课，尤其是大三大四的课程，包括毕业论文要精心准备。一来这些课程你较熟悉，二来这些跟你专业更相关，也更容易被问到。如果对方问的问题你不会，这里注意，这种不会有两个层面，一种是完全不会，那就直接回答，你忘记了，但是你却知道。这个转折非常重要”对不起，我记不太清这个知识点了，但是我知道。”也就是说，面试时候掌握话语权很重要，你可以通过引导，将对方引导到你知道擅长的知识上去，而且一旦引到你擅长的知识点，要尽量发挥，多讲多描绘。重要的需要记住:不是背诵，而是讲，要像讲课一样，让对方明白，而不是生硬的背诵。所以你所擅长的知识点，不是通过背诵来表现，而是通过你自身理解融会贯通后的表达。还有另外一种不会，就是其实是懂得的，但是无法用英语德语表达明白，或者一下愣住了，这时候不用慌，先告诉对方你知道，然后想方法用画图，画画，打比方，列图标，画曲线，比喻，甚至打手势等任何方式来讲解，千万不要因为紧张而慌了神。2Self introductionI am Cui Lixue.I grew up in Hengshui, Hebei Province.I am studying in Beijing Jiao Tong University. I am majoring undergraduate course.By working hard, I luckily won the qualification of attending the program of Hongzhi scholarship.I will go to Group T to finish my undergraduate course by this program.Question:1、How do you win the scholarship?I first hand in my personal materials to the academy, and then the academy decide to set me to attend an English interview. The interviewer is the representative of the Group T. Because of my excellent performance, I win the scholarship at last.2、What advantages do you think make you win the qualification?First, I myself study hard and have high grades. Second, I dare to challenge myself; at the same time, I prepare myself well.IntroductionHello, my name is Cui Lixue. This is not the first time I came here. Just one month ago, I have met with you, I think. Although I am glad to talk with you, I wish this is the second time but the last time I am here.The first semester3、The engineering graphicsWhat do you learn?We learn how to draw an engineering graph by hand or with the help of computers. We should make sure everyone all around the world could read our pictures. So we have to draw them with the strict standards.We would use the instruments such as drawing board, T-square, Set Square, scale, compass, divider and pencils in our classes. In the first several classes, we learn to draw all kinds of lines and some plane figures. Then we would learn to describe the three-dimensional objects by different views or projections.Last we also print the pictures in the computer, which is called the computer-aided design, abbreviated as CAD.制图基本知识Basic knowledge of cartography制图的基本规定The basic regulation of cartography图纸幅面和格式图纸幅面尺寸；图框格式；标题栏Drawing breadth and the format- Drawing breadth size; Frame format; Title Bar比例原值比例；放大比例；缩小比例Scale- Original value of the ratio; Magnification; Reduced scale字体字体高度应按20.5的比值递增；汉字的高度不应小于3.5mm；高是宽的20.5倍。Font- Font size should be increasing the ratio of 2 0.5; Chinese characters should be not less than 3.5mm; Height is 2 0.5 times of the width.图线在同一图样中，同类图线的宽度应一致。Chart - in the same pattern, lines of the same kind should be the same width.尺寸标注图样上所注的尺寸数值表示物体的真实大小。Dimension - the size of drawings noted on the value represent the true size of the object.尺寸要素尺寸界线，尺寸线，尺寸起止符号，尺寸数字。Dimensions element- Extension line, dimension line, arrowhead and numerical value标注标准dimensional Criteria绘图工具和仪器Drawing tools and instrumentsDrawing tools - drawing board, T-square, set square, scale, pencilDrawing instruments - compasses, dividers几何作图Geometric drawing斜度和锥度Slope and taper正多边形正五边形Regular polygon - a regular pentagon圆弧连接用圆弧连接两条已知直线；用圆弧连接一条已知直线和一已知圆或圆弧；用圆弧连接两已知圆或圆弧。Tangent arcs-an arc of given radius tangent to two lines; an arc of given radius tangent to given circle and line; an arc of given radius to two given circles投影基本知识Basic knowledge of projection投影的形成及分类The formation and the sorts of projection投影法Methods of projection中心投影法Perspective projection平行投影法斜投影法Oblique正投影法Orthographic三个特性：实形性，积聚性，类似性Real form, accumulation, similarity三面正投影图three views of orthographic projectionH 水平投影面V正立投影面 W侧立投影面H horizontal projection surface; V vertical projection surface; W side projection surface基本投影规律：长对正，高平齐，宽相等。Basic Projection rule: length alignment, height flush, width equal物体上几何元素的投影特性the character of projection about geometrical elements on Objects物体表面上的平面Plane on the surface投影面平行面Parallel Projection plane 投影面垂直面Vertical projection plane一般位置面General location of the surface水平面Horizontal surface正平面Vertical surface侧平面Side surface铅垂面Vertical surface正垂面侧垂面同理直线：投影面垂直线，投影面平行线和一般位置直线投影面垂直线：铅垂线，正垂线，侧垂线投影面平行线：水平线，正平线，侧平线平面立体Flat Surface solid平面基本立体的投影Planar basic stereo projection棱柱prism、棱锥pyramid平面立体表面上的直线段和点Flat on the surface of the solid line and points平面立体的截切Plane three-dimensional intercept曲面立体Twisting Surface solid曲面surface根据母线的形状：直纹面，曲纹面According to the shape of generating line: ruled surface, curved surface profile根据母线的运动方式：回转面，非回转面According to the movements of generating line: Rotary, non-revolving surface回转体 axisymmetrical回转体的截切The intercept axially symmetrical圆锥面被平面截切，根据截平面的位置不同，圆锥面截交线有圆、椭圆、抛物线、双曲线和两条相交直线五种情况。In cutting a right-circular cone (a cone of revolution) by planes at different angles, we obtain four curves called “conic sections”. These are the circle, cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis; the ellipse, cut by a plane making a greater angle with the axis than do the elements; the parabola, cut by a plane making the same angle with the axis as do the elements; and the hyperbola, cut by a plane making a smaller angle than do the elements.回转体相贯表面定点法，辅助平面法Surface point method, the auxiliary plane method组合体combination组合体的组成分析Combination of composition analysis组合体三视图的绘制形体分析法three views combination of drawing组合体三视图的阅读three views combination of reading组合体的尺寸标注Combination of dimensions组合体的构型设计The configuration design轴测投影Isometric projection概述Overview轴测投影图的绘制Isometric projection drawing轴测图的润饰Axis mapping touches徒手绘制草图的方法Draw sketches of unarmed图样画法Design drawing视图View视图分为基本视图、向视图、局部视图和斜视图四种。剖视图sections剖视图分为全剖视图、半剖视图和局部剖视图。断面图section计算机辅助绘图Computer-aided mapping计算机绘图简介Computer graphicsAutoCAD 2008的界面与基本操作The interface with AutoCAD 2008绘图和对象特性Drawing and object properties视图显示控制和绘图工具按钮Views display control and drawing tool buttons修改modifyAutoCAD中的尺寸标注The dimensions AutoCADWord band1) Abbreviated bri:vi,eitid adj. 小型的；简短的；服装超短的v. 缩写；节略（abbreviate的过去分词）2) Cartography k:trfi n. 制图学，绘图法；地图制作，制图3) Format f:mt n. 版式；开本；格式vt. 规定的格式；计使格式化vi. 设计版式4) Ratio reiiu, -u n. 比率，比例 复数ratios 5) Font fnt n. 字体；字形；洗礼盘，圣水器；泉6) Dimension dimenn, dai-n. 维；尺寸；次元；容积vt. 标出尺寸adj. 规格的7) Numerical nju:merikl adj. 数字的；数值的；用数字表示的（等于numeric）8) Criteria kraitiri n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数）9) Divider divaid n. 分隔物；除法器；圆规10) Polygon plin, -n n. 数多边形；多角形物体11) Pentagon pentn n. 五角形12) Oblique bli:k, blaik adj. 斜的；不光明正大的n. 倾斜物vi. 倾斜13) Orthographic ,:urfik adj. 正字法的；拼字正确的；直角的14) Horizontal hrizntl adj. 水平的；地平线的；同一阶层的n. 水平线，水平面；水平位置15) Alignment lainmnt n. 结盟；队列，成直线；校准16) Flush fl n. 激动，洋溢；面红；萌芽；旺盛；奔流vt. 使齐平；用水冲洗；使激动；发红，使发亮vi. 发红，脸红；奔涌；被冲洗adj. 丰足的，洋溢的；挥霍的；大量的；齐平的17) Width wid, wit n. 宽度；广度18) Parallel prlel n. 平行线；对比vt. 使与平行adj. 平行的；类似的，相同的19) Planar plein, -h: adj. 平坦的；平面的；二维的20) Stereo steri,u, sti-, sti:- n. 立体声；立体声系统；印铅版；立体照片adj. 立体声的；立体的；立体感觉的21) Prism prizm n. 物棱镜；数棱柱22) Pyramid pirmid n. 金字塔；角锥体vi. 渐增；上涨；成金字塔状vt. 使渐增；使上涨；使成金字塔状23) Intercept , intsept vt. 拦截；截断；窃听n. 拦截；截获的情报；数截距24) Profile prufail n. 侧面；轮廓；外形；剖面25) Rotary rutri adj. 旋转的，转动的；轮流的n. 旋转式机器；转缸式发动机26) axisymmetrical ,ksisimetrik,-kl adj. 轴对称的27) Axially ksili adv. 轴向地28) Symmetrical simetrikl adj. 匀称的，对称的29) Angle l vi. 钓鱼；谋取n. 角度，角30) Ellipse ilips n. 数椭圆形，椭圆31) Parabola prbl n. 数抛物线32) Hyperbola haip:bl n. 数双曲线33) Auxiliary :ziljri n. 助动词；辅助者，辅助物；附属机构adj. 辅助的；副的；附加的34) Configuration kn,fijurein n. 配置；结构；外形35) Isometric ,aisumetrik adj. 等角的；等距的；等轴的；等体积的n. 等容线4、PEtaijiquan, a kind of traditional Chinese shadow boxing, throw solid ball, long-distance race and sprintquestion：how does your PE class go on?We take one PE class per week, and we can take exercises and learn taijiquan in the class.I have took an active part in PE classes. It makes me strong and feel good.5、大学英语视听说&读写译 【常】What do we do in class ,how we learn English? 问题假设：1、你是怎样练习英语听说能力的？（读写）我们老师经常在课上为我们播放BBC 和VOA等原声材料，并且为我们选择播放一些能陶冶情操的英文电影，我们也会定期到讲台上用英语表演，例如唱歌，配音，朗诵等。2、你的视听说成绩明显低于其他科目成绩，这是为什么？（读写明显强于视听，why）我刚才说过我来自河北省，因为河北省的教学中没有注重读写能力的培养，而将听说能力的培养视为无关紧要的事情，所以绝大部分我省的考生都不能用英语流畅的表达自己的观点，甚至有不会讲英语的。3、你认为你的英语听说能力能够使你在比利时正常学习和生活吗？（仅具备读写能力是不能和外国人正常交流的，你认为呢？）以我目前的英语能力想比利时正常学习和生活是困难的，但我们应该用发展的眼光看待事物，我相信以我的能力，在比利时半年就可以说流利的英语了。这也是我出国留学的目的之一。4、那你出国留学还有什么目的？（接上而出）除了有利于学习英语之外，我还会结交世界各地的朋友，并且能学到国内学不到的先进理念，还可以了解不同的文化。6、Linear algebra线性代数DeterminantsDeterminants of order 2 and 3Determinants of order nProperties of determinantIt is important to understand and apply the 8 properties.Cramers ruleMatrices矩阵Definition of matrices/Determinant of a square matrix/transpose of a matrixAddition and multiplication by a number/calculation rules(ak)Multiplication of matricesNote: in the multiplication of AB=C, the number of columns of A(left matrix) must be equal to the number of rows of B (right matrix). Otherwise the product AB makes no sense. The number of rows of the product C is equal to that of A, and the number of columns of C is equal to that of B.In many cases, interchanging two matrices in their multiplications will change the product.Inverse of a matrixElementary operations of a matrixThe three kinds of calculations as follows are called row elementary operations of a matrix.Interchange two rows;multiply every element of some row by a same number k0; add k times every element of some row to the corresponding element of another row.Rank of a matrixElementary operations and elimination:find inverse matirces by elementary operationsVectors矢量N-dimensional vectors/Linear relation among vectorsSome theorems about linear dependence/Rank of a vector setStructure of solutions for equationsHomogeneous equations/Nonhomogeneous equationsEigenvalues特征值Similar matrices/Eigenvalues and eigenvectorsConditions of translating into a diagonal formEigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric matrixWord bandl algebra ldibr n. 代数学l matrices meitrisi:z, metri,siz n. 基质；模型；矩阵；母岩（matrix的复数）l matrix meitriks n. 矩阵；基质；模型；脉石；母体；子宫l homogeneous ,hmdi:nis, ,hu- adj. 同种的；均匀的；齐次的l eigenvalue ain,vlju: n. 数、物特征值l diagonal dainl adj. 对角线的；斜纹的；斜的n. 对角线；斜线l column klm n. 圆柱，柱形物；纵队，列；专栏l elimination i,liminein n. 消除；淘汰；除去8、C languageThe characters of C LanguageThe language is concise, compacted and we can use it conveniently and neatly.The operators are abundant and the data types are rich too.It has structured control statements.The grammar is not too strict and the programming has a large degree of freedom.C language allows us to have a direct access to physical address. It also can conduct bit operations. It can achieve most function of assembly language. It can also operate directly on the hardware.It can generate high quality object code. And the efficiency ofthe program is high.The programs written using C language have good portability, compared with the assembly language.What is the programmed structure design? What are its main contents?结构化程序设计方法的基本思路是：把一个复杂问题的求解过程分阶段进行，每个阶段处理的问题都控制在人们容易理解和处理的范围内。具体采用自顶向下，逐步细化，模块化设计，结构化编码的方法来保证得到结构化的程序。The basic thread of the programmed structure design method: we can solve the complex problems by stages so that people can easily understand and handle the problem every stage. Specifically, we can get the structured program with top-down, and gradually refined, modular design, structured coding methods.结构化程序设计的三种基本结构是:顺序结构、选择结构、循环结构The structured program design has three basic structures: Sequence structure, selection structures, and looping structures.标识符命名规则：只能由字母、数字和下划线3种字符组成，且第一个字符必须为字母或下划线。The regulation to name the identifier: it only consists of letters, numbers and underline, and the first character must be letters or underline.形参与实参：在定义函数时函数名后面括号中的变量名称为“形式参数”；在主调函数中调用一个函数时，函数名后面括号中的参数称为“实际参数”。实参向形参的数据传递是值传递，单向传递。程序：冒泡法，求最大值。Formal parameter/actual parameter:When we define functions, the variable name after the name of function is called formal parameter. When we call a function in the main function, the variables after the function are called actual parameters. The data delivery from the actual parameter to the formal parameter is value delivery, and it is one-way delivery.Program: the method of bubbling, find the maximum.The Difference between C and JAVAC language is the language of process-oriented，but Java is the language of object-oriented。In terms of C Language，Java removes the error-prone functions such as pointer.We can learn about the specific difference as follows：Java does not have the order of preprocessing. Java replaces the constant definitions in C with static final. Java does not have the global variables. The size of the basic data type in Java is determined, but in C it is associated with the platform. Java replaces pointers withreference, but Java does not allow addition and subtraction of the reference and does not have the operator to take address. Java has the mechanism of garbage collection, so it does not require the user to free memory space. Java does nothave goto statement. Java added exception handling(异常处理) and labeling of break and continue statements（连续语句） to replace the function of goto on the basis of the control statement from C.C required all the local variables in a method or block defined in the beginning of the method or block. But the Java allows the definition of a method or block in any places. Java does not support the ability of C in the bitfield(位阈). Java does not support Cs typedef（定义类型）. Java does not support the C function pointer. Addition:C Language mainly consists of functions，and it must have a main function main()：the basic of Java language is constituted by the class，butit must have a public class，with the public modifier to modify. Whats more, the class name of the public class must be the same name as the Java class file. EntranceIn the C language the main function main() is the entrance of C program；in the program of Java the main method void main(String args) is the entrance of the Java program：The grammar of C Language has much difference from that of Java.We have two easy programs of C Language and Java respectively.the program of C #includevoid main()printf(%d,hello!);the program of JAVApublic class Testpublic static void main(String args)System.out.println(hello);TO SUMMARIZEC language is the language of process-oriented. That is to say,the code has been written in accordance with the process to design, and the code execution is in order. It uses arrays and pointers as a tool to solve the problems. However, Java is the language of object-oriented. In another words, we should first design an object (class) in the programming and then write the main program around the object (class).Word bandl concise knsais adj. 简明的，简洁的l assembly sembli n. 装配；集会，集合l portability ,p:tbilti, pu- n. 可携带性；轻便；可移植性l refined rifaind adj. 精炼的；微妙的；精确的；有教养的l modular mdjul, -du- adj. 模数的；模块化的；有标准组件的l parameter prmit n. 参数；参量；系数l prone prun adj. 有倾向的，易于的；俯卧的l mechanism meknizm n. 机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程l execution ,eksikju:n n. 执行，实行；完成；死刑11、calculus（B）What is the difference of math in high school and in the university?高中数学是大学数学里的特殊情况下的计算。高等数学在高中数学的基础上加深了一些。线性代数涉及到了二代的数学模型。Mathematics in high school is the special case of the calculus. And the advanced calculus is depened on the base of high school mathematics. Whats more, linear algebra is related to the second generation of the mathematical model.小学数学:叫算术 中学数学:代数和平面几何高中数学:代数和立体几何、平面解析几何大学数学:高等数学、线性代数、统计学、复变函数研究生数学:数学理论的研究Primary Mathematics: arithmeticMiddle School Mathematics: Algebra and geometryHigh school math: algebra and solid geometry, plane analytic geometryUndergraduate Mathematics: Advanced Mathematics, Linear Algebra, Statistics, Complex VariablesGraduate Mathematics: Theory of Mathematical个人认为是从表象逐渐向本质规律发展的不断深入的过程，是我们自己的数学知识结构的不断完善。In my opinion, it is the process developing from the appearance to the nature of law gradually. It is continuous improvement of our own mathematics knowledge structure.简单地讲，就是小学告诉你怎么做一些简单具体的运算，初中是简单而稍微抽象的运算，高中是比初中稍复杂的抽象数学内容，总的来说还是学习一些比较表象的东西。Simply, the primary tells you how to do some simple specific operations and junior high school is somewhat abstract and simple computation and senior high school are slightly more complex abstract mathematical content. In generally, we learn most of the appearance of things.大学和研究生数学就是高等数学了，是系统化的学习数学的各分支的理论结构，对数学思维进行系统化的训练，是要理解数学理论成立的基础。Undergraduate and graduate mathematics is advanced mathematics. It is a systematic study of all branches of the theory of mathematical structure. It can systematically train the mathematical thinking. It is the basis to understand the establishment of mathematical theory.Functions and limitsIn this chapter, we will introduce three fundamental concepts of calculus. These are funct