积极词汇(for writing) 2.doc

1. absence 缺乏in the absence of 缺乏A fraction of high school leavers could not,(a) in the absence of adequate financial aid, afford university study.In the absence of adequate financial aid, one part of the European linguistic heritage is condemned to disappear.形容词absent同义词 lack反义词 presence 2. abundant 充足的an abundant supply of water 充足的水供给名词 abundancean abundance of water supply 同义词 adequate反义词 scare3. abuse 滥用drug abuse 滥用药物child abuse 虐待儿童动词abuse ones authority 滥用职权4. academic 学术的academic year 学年academic achievement 学习成绩academic journal 学术期刊academic conference 学术会议名词Academy Award 奥斯卡金像奖（即学院奖，由电影艺术与科学学院 （Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences） 颁发）Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 中国科学院Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) 中国工程院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) 中国社会科学院5. accelerate 加速(b) at an accelerating rate 加速Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate.6. accept 接受形容词well-accepted 广泛接受的名词letter of acceptance/acceptance letter 录取通知书形容词acceptable forms of ID 可接受的身份证件形容词的反义词unacceptable 不可接受的行为同义词 receive, admit反义词 reject 7. access 使用(c) have access to sth. 可以使用某物例：We have access to the Internet in our dorm room.形容词 accessible(d) sth. is accessible to sb. 对于某人来讲某物是可以使用的Internet is accessible to us in our dorm room.8. accomplish 实现accomplish a goal 实现目标名词 accomplishmentacademic accomplishment 学习成绩形容词 accomplished an accomplished artist 卓有成就的艺术家an accomplished scientist卓有成就的艺术家同义词 achievement 9. according 根据(e) according to 名词 accordance(f) in accordance withThe Colleges appoint their own staff and are responsible for selecting students, in accordance with University regulations.副词 accordingly 相应地Ive told you what the situation is; you must act accordingly. 10. account 帐户open an account 开户big accounts 大客户(g) account for 说明的原因Bad weather accounted for the long delay.The flood accounted for the bad crop.(h) take sth. into account 考虑If you take inflation into account, we actually spend less now.形容词 accountable(i) hold sb. accountable for sth. 认为某人要为某事负责She was held accountable for the damage.11. accurate 精确的We are not sure as to how accurate our weather forecasts are.名词 accuracyThere are measures that we use to check the accuracy of our weather forecasts.同义词 precise12. accuse 指责(j) accuse sb. of sth. Teachers accused the principal of bullying.sb. be accused of sth.The principal was accused of bullying.名词 accusation13. accustomed 习惯于(k) be accustomed to sth. He is accustomed to hard work.同义词组 be used to sth.14. achieve 实现(l) achieve a goal 实现目标同义词 accomplish名词 achievement名词（指人）high-achievers 成功者 15. acknowledge 感谢We must acknowledge the kindness she showed towards us.名词 acknowledgement 致谢16. acquire 获得The game is a race to acquire the greatest wealth.形容词 acquired 后天养成的Wine, beer and coffee are acquired tastes.名词 acquisition second-language acquisition 二语习得同义词 gain17. act 法案1765年英国推出印花税法案(Stamp Act)，要求进入殖民地的所有纸制品都加盖印花。(m) 动词 act as 充当Social media act as a guide for marketers.18. actual 实际的a comparison of predicted and actual water quality副词 actually 事实上Actually, I had nothing to do with that incident.名词 actualityin actuality 事实上 19. acute 急性的SARS=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 急重呼吸系统综合症反义词 chronic 慢性的20. adapt 适应(n) adapt oneself to sth. 使自己适应Civilized man refused to adapt himself to his environment.名词 adaptationadaptation strategy 适应策略形容词 adaptiveadaptive value 适应性价值21. add 添加add insult to injury 雪上加霜To add insult to injury, after cancelling our flight, they asked us to pay extra!名词 addition 附加In addition, 此外，名词 additive 添加剂形容词 additional 额外的additional costs 额外的费用反义词 reduce 减少22. addict 上瘾(o) be addicted to sth. 对上瘾Many young people are addicted to the Internet.名词 addiction Internet addiction 网瘾23. address 解决(p) address the problem/issue/difficulty of 解决的问题Private sector should help address the issue of youth unemployment.24. adequate 充足的an adequate supply of water名词 adequacyadequacy of water storage同义词 abundant 反义词 inadequate25. adhere 坚持(q) adhere to sth. They cannot always adhere to the strict codes of practice dictated in UN headquarters.同义词组 stick to sth. 26. adjust 适应(r) adjust to sth. 适应advice to help you adjust to life in the UK.27. administer 管理名词 administration Master of Business Administration (MBA)Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA)Master of Public Administration (MPA)Master of Professional Accounting (MPAcc)the Obama administration 奥巴马政府28. admit 承认Its never easy to admit you are in the wrong.名词 admissionthe Admissions Office 招生办公室29. adopt 采纳Which model we eventually adopt in this country will say a lot about the kind of society we want to live in.名词 adoptionThe adoption of this policy would relieve the unions of a tremendous burden.30. adore 非常喜欢His students absolutely adorehim and he publishes more than the rest of the department combined. 形容词 adorable同义词 cherish反义词 condemn31. advance 进步The overall objective is to develop, implement, establish and maintain a successful collaborative partnership to advance biomedical research(s) in advance 事先You can prepare the interview questions in advance.形容词 advanced 先进的advanced technology名词 advancement （职业）晋升The job offers good opportunities for advancement.32. advantage 优势(t) take advantage of 利用We should take advantage of all the energy you have in your 20s.There is the inevitable tendency of the strong to take advantage of the ignorance and necessity of the weak.(u) have an advantage over 胜于A Masters degree has many advantages over a Bachelors degree.反义词 disadvantage 形容词 advantageous33. adverse 不利的Adverse circumstances test our courage and our strength of mind.名词adversityAll people experience adversity during their lifetime. Trials, disappointments, sadness, sickness, and heartache are a difficult part of life, but they can undoubtedly lead to spiritual growth, refinement, and progress.名词（指人）adversaryAmerican President Barack Obama called China an “adversary” of the United States in one of his presidential debates.同义词 unfavorable反义词 favorable34. advise 建议名词 advice名词（指人）advisor形容词 advisableIts advisable to book early for city-centre restaurants.35. advocate 倡导Some economists strongly advocate the reform.He is a passionate advocate of animal rights.同义词 support35. affect 影响Will the new rules affect me?同义词 influence36. affirm 证实We affirm that the Reactor Building will not collapse in the event of an earthquake.名词 affirmationThe theory of self-affirmation is a psychological theory that was first proposed by Claude Steele (1988) with the premise that people are motivated to maintain the integrity of the self.形容词 affirmativeBecause of the different language habits, there are also different ways of expressing affirmative and negative meanings.37. afford 负担得起(v) afford the time/a car/a good education形容词 affordable Small apartments are the only affordable housing option in the city.38. agenda 议事日程on the/sbs agenda 在(某人的)议事日程中 high on the agenda 首要事件 to set the agenda 设定议程 to have ones own agenda 有自己的专门议题 a hidden agenda 秘密议程 39. aggravate 加重The lack of rain aggravated the already serious shortage of food.反义词 alleviate40. aggressive 激进的The selection of accounting policies can tell you a lot about management and the company. Whether it is being conservative or aggressive.反义词 conservative41. agree 赞同agree with sb. (w) agree on sth.They agreed with us on some matters. agree to sth.Doha talks agree to climate compensation.agree to do sth.Climate delegates agree to extend Kyoto accord.agree to disagree同意各自保留不同意见The leaders bridged the Cold War divide to sign the Shanghai Communiqu, in which they agreed to disagree over Chinas claim to Taiwan.名词 agreement 协议reach an agreement形容词 agreeable 讨人喜欢的He is an agreeable young man.反义词 disagree42. allege 主张China could not allege to be a strong and respectable nation without the improvement of the national economy. 名词 allegationThe Irish Government has forced US President Barack Obama to dramatically withdraw his allegation that Ireland is a tax haven.同义词 claim43. alleviate 减轻This drug can be used to alleviate cold symptoms. 反义词 aggravate44. allow 允许(x) allow sb. to do sth. Smoking is not allowed here.名词 allowance 补助You will be given a travel allowance that covers hotel and restaurant bills.反义词 forbid45. alternative 选择的余地If a driver breaks traffic rules, are there any alternatives to a fine?Are there any alternatives of meat as a source of protein?What are my alternatives? There is always more than one solution to a problem. If you evaluate different approaches, you will ultimately make better decisions.What are my alternatives to manage this disease?alternative energy sources 替代能源: solar, hydro and wind powerSo if that is not an option we have to harness all the power of alternative sources of energy, like sunlight, water and wave power, wind power, geothermal etc.Alternative schools (替代性学校) offer students and parents something different from mainstream schooling.alternative cancer treatments 替代性癌症疗法 (as opposed to orthodox cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation and surgery)同义词 option46. ambiguous 模棱两可的 名词 ambiguity To remove any ambiguity we have to acquire more accurate information.同义词 unclear反义词 unambiguous47. analyze 分析名词 analysismake an analysis of sth.48. annoy 使不高兴形容词 annoying, annoyedI get annoyed when people dont reply to my text messages promptly.What will you do when annoying things happen?名词 annoyanceSeveral remarks he made got under my skin, but I tried not to show my annoyance.同义词 upset49. anticipate 预料A good general tries to anticipate the enemys movements.名词 anticipation同义词 expectation50. anxiety 焦虑形容词 anxiousIm anxious about the coming exam.同义词 restless反义词 take it easyTake it easy when you are on the stage.51. apparent 明显的 Why do babies scream for no apparent reason?副词 apparently同义词 obviousBut honestly once youve eliminated all the obvious reasons and the crying continues, I tend to believe babies cry just because they want to.52. appear 出现名词 appearanceWe form first impressions from faces despite warnings not to do so. Moreover, there is considerable agreement in our impressions, which carry significant social outcomes. Appearance matters because some facial qualities are so useful in guiding adaptive behavior that even a trace of those qualities can create an impression.同义词 emerge反义词 disappear53. apply 申请Provided below is an overview of the process to apply for grant opportunities.名词 applicationapplication letter名词（指人）applicant 54. approach 方法The analytic approach seeks to reduce a system to its elementary elements in order to study in detail and understand the types of interaction that exist between them.同义词 method55. appropriate 适当的Everyone in the healthcare system shares the goal of helping each patient receive the best available treatment appropriate to his or her individual needs.同义词 proper反义词 inappropriate56. approve 认可The National Regulatory Agency announced it had given Southern Co. the OK to build two nuclear reactors in Georgia, making it the first new nuclear power plant approved in a generation.名词 approval同义词agree反义词 oppose57. approximate 大约的The approximate population of the United States of America is 309 million people. About 12 million of these are citizens of other countries living in the USA without permission. And at any given time, there are hundreds of thousands of people visiting the USA from other countries, with visas that give them permission to be here on vacation visits, for education, employment, etc. There are also about one million foreign nationals who have permission to live here permanently. Most of these will qualify for U.S. citizenship after living in America for five years.同义词estimated58. arbitrary 任意的It is well-known that human beings are able to associate stimuli (novel or not) perceived in their environment. For example, this ability is used by children in reading acquisition when arbitrary associations between visual and auditory stimuli must be learned. The studies tend to consider it as an “implicit” process triggered by the learning of letter/sound correspondences. The study described in this paper examined whether the addition of the visuo-haptic exploration would help adults to learn more effectively the arbitrary association between visual and auditory novel stimuli.an arbitrary choicearbitrary division of the group into halvesarbitrary educational charges同义词 reasonable同义词 random59. argue 主张名词 argument 论据名词 argumentation 议论文60. arise 出现If we started cloning humans, different problems could arise. If someone was cloned who had diseases that ran in the family, such as cancer or MS, they could pass those on to the clone. The person could also pass on negative emotions, such as aggression and rage. Cloning could also cost money that we should not spend, especially when people can just have a child.同义词 appear61. arouse唤起arouse concernarouse controversy同义词 stimulate62. appeal吸引sth. appeals to sb.形容词appealing同义词 attract反义词 appall63. appreciate赏识Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.appreciate the economic value of trust名词appreciationa music appreciation course64. asset资产Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset.Trust is the most valuable of economic assets.同义词 property65. assess评估assess your own goals and risk toleranceassess the risks of human-induced climate change名词assessment66. aspect 方面all aspects of culturesome aspects of languagesome aspect of life同义词 area67. attract吸引be attracted to sb.be attracted by sth名词attraction形容词attractive同义词 fascinate68. attention关注(y) give due attention to sth.pay attention to sth.enjoy wide media attentionan attention-getting openergrab ones attentionlack of attentionsth. demands equal attentionpay little/no attention topay particular attention to动词attendattend a meeting/conference/lecture/university/collegeattend to shareholders interests; 69. attach添加(z) attach importance to sth.名词attachment同义词 add70. attack 攻击come under attackconcerted attacks反义词 defend71. atmosphere 气氛an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness72. assume (adopt; believe; presume; suppose; suspect; think; understand) 设想；认为assumption73. associate (ally; combine; companion; connect; join; partner; unite) 使联合sales associates营业员; business associates业务伙伴; associate professor (assistant); association74. assimilate (absorb; digest) 吸收；同化75. assign (allocate; appoint; distribute) 分配assign responsibilities around the house; assignment76. avoid (evade; keep away from; shun) 避免avoid doing sth.; avoid legal liability77. average (medium; usual) 平均的；平均average reader; average fruit fly; average overall margins78. availableavailable choices; sth. becomes available; sth. is available; availability79. aware (conscious; knowing; realizing) 知道的；意识到的be aware of sth.; unaware; awareness80. ban (bar; block; exclude; forbid; obstruct; prohibit; shut out) 禁止81. bias (prejudice; prejudgment) 偏见be biased82. barrier (obstruction; fortification; barricade) 障碍lift the barrier; bar83. bankrupt 破产的；破产者a bankrupt storekeeper; bankruptcy; bankruptcy rules/laws84. benefit 利益benefit from sth.; sth. benefits sth. else; for the benefit of somebody; beneficial85. beyond (past; exceeding) 超出the ease of establishing Internet connections is pushing phone services beyond the commodity graveyard toward the purgatory of marketing giveaways, like those plastic toys that come free with your kids Happy Meal; warn the public in the US and beyond86. boost (push) 推进boost demand; boost paternal wisdom87. calculate (compute; count; estimate; figure; plan; reason; reckon; suppose; think) 计算；考虑calculation; calculating; calculator88. campaign (movement; cause; drive) 活动orchestrated campaign against the IPCC by climate change contrarians; advertising campaign; presidential campaign89. cancel (erase; wipe out) 取消cancellation 90. capable 有能力的be capable of; capability; incapable91. capacity 能力its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands92. capture (seize; arrest; imprison) 捕获captive93. caution (admonish; advise; alert; remind; tip; warn) 警告cautious94. cause (reason) 原因；目标，理想，事业be caused by sth.; a cursory search for causes; have a bacterial cause; sth. causes sth. else to happen; cause and effect; cause health problems; cause higher rates of brain tumors; primary cause95. case 病例；案例；情形lose a case; in any case; in no case; in case; in case that96. carry 携带carry a label; carry substantial weight; carry out a test; carriage (miscarriage流产) ; carrier97. challenge 挑战sth. challenges sb.; approach a challenge; face a challenge; meet a challenge; challenging98. certainty 确定certain; certain astrological signs 星座(Gemini, Pisces) confer superior soccer skills; The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods; Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends; certain prevalent trends; how an artist created a certain effect; certain mind-body techniques that help reduce stress and i