写作典型问题.doc

写作典型问题(1)偏离主题。很多考生没有审题和构思过程，有的担心时间不够，匆匆动手。结果是下笔“百”言，离题万里。(2)汉式英语。有的考生用汉语思维表达方法，或干脆照中文习惯把文字逐字翻译成英文，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。(3)词汇搭配不当。英语语言的一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配。词与词之间的固定搭配是长期使用形成的，看似不符合逻辑的不一定有错，而满以为正确的却不一定是地道的英语用法。(4)表达不准确。由于有些考生词汇量小，根本无法表达自己的意思，成绩自然不会理想。(5)逻辑关系混乱。部分考生的作文，句子之间没有过渡，段落之间没有联系，让考官摸不着头脑，不知文章所云，自然无法得到理想成绩。(6)语法错误。语法错误主要表现为混淆可数名词与不可数名词，可数名词前无冠词，情态动词、介词、代词误用，分不清及物与不及物动词，混淆被动语态与主动语态，弄错词类(如将动词或形容词误作名词，将名词或动词误作形容词用)等。优秀作文的标准为：(1)内容切题，有较好的谋篇构段框架，文章结构完整：紧扣主题，转承衔接自然；(2)语法基本正确，句法基本准确，句子与句子、段落之间过渡连贯；(3)用词面宽，遣词造句得当，句式、句型有变化，字数符合要求；(4)层次分明，说理清楚，语言流畅，内容充实。不合格作文表现在：(1)文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；(2)出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；(3)词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；(4)不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。作文判卷的原则指明了应试者应该努力的方面，因此考生必须做到知己知彼，“投其所好”：语言表达要规范，结构层次要清晰。具体技巧包括：(1)开好头，写好主题句和第一段。要是第一段给考官留下的印象很差，即使后面两段写得再好，总成绩也要大受影响。因为如果考官看到第一段很差，一般不会相信后面的段落能有精彩语言表达和连贯的组织结构突然出现。虽然真正的内容在后面两段，但第一段在阅卷实践中给考官的初步定位和准备给分高低上起着举足轻重的作用。(2)表达手法要灵活。要达到这个目标，考生要练就能用两种以上句子形式来表达同一个内容的本领。这样就不至于在一个词汇(尤其是动词)的用法或句型结构上没有把握时，无法调整而“卡壳”，或者写出错误的句子。(3)避免使用生僻词汇。考生的基本水平，考官心里是有数的。文中突然出现过于生僻的词汇，会显得别扭，反倒会影响整篇写作的文体效果。(4)句子与句子之间有一定的逻辑联系。要注意使用转折性连接词。转折连接词的正确使用，直接代表考生的英语基础能力，所以是得分的重要因素之一。(5)段落与段落之间要注意有层次性和连贯性。各段之间的关系可能是并列、转折、递进等，因此使用正确的层次表达手法，会使文章结构分明，层次清晰，给阅卷人留下很深的印象。核心段落里一定要有层次感，看上去显得层次分明，一目了然，哪怕是机械地标明“一”“二”“三”点，也要比没有层次感好。这既是作文本身的要求，又是阅卷实践的要求。议论文从结构上而言要有逻辑的层次，而逻辑的层次必须通过语言表现，这种显示逻辑层次的语言可以称之为“航标”。“航标”可以让阅卷人跟得上作者的思路，并且能帮助阅卷人在结构清晰的条件下，快速判断语言是否符合要求。考官每天要判阅大量毫无趣味可言的同一话题内容的作文，工作量大，极易疲劳。如果作文没有层次感，好印象也无从得来。(6)题目所要求的全文总字数是考生要注意的关键之一。常言道，天下文章一大套，就看套得妙不妙。英语考试短文写作不是创作性写作，而是考查考生的语言功底和笔头表达能力。因此，提高写作的一个有效捷径就是模仿，通过模仿掌握一些通行的作文模式，然后套用，也是重要的途径之一。但是不要照抄题目给定的词语、词组和表格中的数字等。照搬原文或生硬地套用别人的话语是不可取的。写作的第一步是过词正关，有很多问题需要注意，首先是选择词汇，而选择词汇的前提又是搞清楚要写什么，怎么写。这就涉及到句子形式的选择。而句子形式的选择会受要写的内容的影响。英语的句式极其丰富，数不胜数。例如表示否定的形式除not，never，neithernor等外，还有little，few，fail to do，anything but，let a1one，rarely，seldom，in no time，on no account，under no circumstance，by no means，other than等等手法。这些用法都属于基本语法知识范畴，考生应该注意使用灵活多变的形式。议论文写作的基本句式可以归纳为以下几种，考生可以摸索规律并练习使用。(1)摆事实、谈现状No one can deny the fact that since the beginning of the l980s，There is no denying thatStrong evidence suggests the fact thathas become a household word in the past decade.The fact thatcan prove the commonness of this phenomenon in modern society.More and more people prefer to haveAn increasing number of people are now interested inWith Chinas entry of WTO, many peopleWith the advent of the computer,As living standards improve, every family is consideringIt is well known thatAs is known to allFrom the graph (table, chart, picture) given, it can be seen thatThe diagram clearly shows thatAccording to a recent statistics,A recent survey conducted byshows that 25 percent of theAs popular saying “East, west, home is best” can prove that The meaning of the well known proverb “Where there is a will, there is a way”Is best demonstrated by (2)表示看法、分析原因I believe that a job interview is necessary to both the interviewer and the interviewee.It is important (necessary, difficult, convenient, possible) for people to In my opinion, it is necessary for top students to develop many other skills.It seems to me that modem life cannot go on properly without Reading extensively is extremely necessary for students in the information age.The chief reason lies in that fact that Some major factors leading to this result are Although different people may have different opinions on this, one major factor seems to beIn spite of the fact that most people may preferI believe that While many people believe that , there are certain other people who argue thatAt least three major causes contribute to this fact. First，The reasons for this problem can be as follows.Some of the reasons for such a serious problem can beWe have good reasons to believe that To do things in this way has the following advantages. First,Therefore, to docan really result in better results.To take this matter into consideration, one can at leastIt will benefit us all if government officials and social workers Taking immediate actions to correct the situation is the most important task at present.Adopting this method, of course, has disadvantages as well as advantages, but Attaching much importance to this issue can preventfromThis policy can surely bring much more economic returns when business companies compete in international markets.It will not do any harm to enterprises that adopt these effective measures.All the joint-venture businesses must try their best to overcome these difficulties.The sudden drop in the figure can be attributed to the following reasons.Changes that have taken place in the past five years can be explained by the fact thatIt is principally because of governments emphasis on education that there has been such a big increase inMedical treatment and insurance policies have led to that fact thatThe 80% increase in theis the result of（3）提出和归纳结论In short l it can be said thatTo conclude (In conclusion), if people pay more attention to, they will certainlyTo sum up, these three measures canThe above discussion certainly leads to the conclusion thatFrom what has been discussed, we can come to an obvious conclusion that（4）看图作文The pictures indicate that there have been significant changes in the ways ofcommunication in the last 30 years.By showing, the examiner tries to convey the message thatThrough the pictures the author tries to warn us of the serious problem of endangered animals.The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the diminution of ocean resources.The cartoon describes a very common phenomenon in our society that.The cartoon ridicules/criticizes some producers and companies that often make empty promises in the advertisement of their products.The picture reveals a serious problem in public examinationshiring ringers, those who take tests for others.It can be seen in the picture that two cars collided and the two drivers were quarreling with each other.As shown/illustrated/can be seen/depicted/described in the picture, a number of TV manufacturers are in fierce price cut competition to enlarge their share of market.At the upper part of the picture there are some Chinese characters; which reads “Like a lamp love burns most brightly in the darker places.”（5）描述图表From the figures given in the graphs, we learn that the average housing space for city residents increased to 10 square meters in 2000.As is shown in the table, there exists a big difference between the life expectance in the developed countries and that in the developing countries.According to the charts, Chinas higher education has been developing rapidly with the growth of the gross domestic product.The number of single people establishing their own households reached/hit 14 percent in 2000.From the table we can see that within half a year of 1998, a total of 532 people became the victims of traffic accidents, of whom 460 were injured and 72 killed.写作中常用的句型一、起始段常用句型 1. When it comes to the access to WTO (Internet surfing / private schools /e-business / high rate of unemployment / Chinas football / recycling / widespread corruption /), most people believe that but other people argue that2. As far as recycling (family planning / environment protection / adult education) is concerned, there is still much room for improvement.3. Currently, there is a widespread concern over drug abuse (high unemployment rate / wildlife extinction / environmental pollution /organized crime / widespread corruption / energy crisis / water shortages / traffic jams / increasing traffic accidents / ).4. Different people have different attitudes towards private cars / high unemployment rate / Internet surfing /private schools / state monopoly of telecommunication / urbanization / stock Some are in favor of while others are against5. Now people in significant numbers are beginning to realize that6. With the (rapid) development of science and technology (market economy / electronic industry / information industry / higher education / ) an increasing number of people come to realize that (knowledge is power / a weak nation has no international prestige / education is of vital importance / )7. Faced with, quite a few people argue that., but other people conceive differently.8. With the (rapid) development of science and technology (market economy / electronic industry / information industry / higher education / ) an increasing number of people come to realize that (knowledge is power / a weak nation has no international prestige / education is of vital importance9. With the growing popularity of Internet surfing (computers / cars / mobile phones/ pagers / PDP television / ) in China, the quality of our lives is improving for the better.10.Peoplesopinionsaboutvaryfrompersontoperson.SomepeoplesaythatTothem,11. TherearedifferentopinionsamongpeopleastoSomepeoplesuggestthat12. .Itgoeswithoutsayingthat 不言而喻13. Itcanbesaidwithcertaintythat. 可以肯定的说14. Whatcallsforspecialattentionisthat需要特别注意的是15. Theresnodenyingthefactthat毫无疑问，无可否认二、中间段落常用句型（1）、表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in.4. A differs from B in.5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in.6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B.7. A, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B.8. While it is generally believed that A , I believe B.9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B . However, A; on the other hand, B.11. The most striking difference is that A, while B.（2）、演绎法常用的句型1 There are several reasons for, but in general, they come down to three major ones.2 There are many factors that may account for, but the following are the most typical ones.3 Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.4 Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.5 The reasons are as follows.（3）、因果推理法常用句型1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot.3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot.4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot.5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.（4）、举例法常用句型1. Here is one more example.2. Take for example.3. The same is true of.4. This offers a typical instance of.5. We may quote a common example of.6. Just think of.三、结尾段落常用句型1. Obviously, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.2. To sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus3. Thus, it can be concluded that , Therefore, we can find that4. Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.5. Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.6. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.7. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that.8. Taking into account all the factors, we may safely come to the conclusion that.10. Judging from all the evidence offered, we may safely arrive at/reach the conclusion that11. From what is mentioned above, we may come to the conclusion that12. From/Through/According to what has been discussed above, we can come to/reach/arrive at/draw the conclusion that.13. It is believed that.14. There is some truth in both arguments, but I think the disadvantages of outweigh its advantages.15. I take/hold a negative/positive view of.16. There is no quick answer to the question of, but might be helpful.17. Its suggested that great efforts be made to.18. There is still a long way to go towards solving the problem. We hope that efforts should be made to.19. We must search for a quick action, because the present situation of will surely lead to the end of.20. It is necessary that effective/proper/quick actions/steps/measures be taken to.四、图表作文常用句型1. The table/diagram/bar chart/pie graph/tree diagram/curve graph /column chart shows/illustrates/reveals/describes/depicts/reflects that/how.2. The graph provides some interesting data regarding.3. The data/statistics/figures can be interpreted as follows:4. The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that.5. As is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table, .6. It is clear/apparent from the table/chart/diagram/figures that.7. The vertical/horizontal axis stands for.8. There was rapid/noticeable/great/sharp/steep/remarkable/slow/little/slight/gradual rise/increase/decrease/fall/decline/drop/change in development in .9. The percentage remained steady/stable at.10. The figures stayed the same.11. The figures bottomed out/peaked at.12. The figures reached the bottom/a peak/a plateau during.常用写作模板一、 比较型作文Nowadays, the influence of_ proves to be profound. And there has been a very controversial debate as to whether or not _. The answer may vary from person to person. Some people are in favor of _A_. On the other hand, the rest have strong attitude toward _B_. As for me, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons.First of all _. Secondly_. Finally_. Despite many obvious advantages of _B _, it is not without its problem. _B _ can not be compared with other means of transportation such as plane and train for speed and comfort.From what has been discussed above, we are able to safely draw the conclusion that the advantages of _B far outweigh its disadvantages and _B will still play extremely important role in modern society.二、利弊型作文Recently the issue of whether or not_(讨论话题) has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. There are two major arguments that can be made for_. For one thing, _can bring _ to_(优点一). For another, it is widely hold that people usually _when _(优点二).But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to_, among which are _(列举缺点). For instance, it can be _to _(举例说明). In addition, many people find it _(形容词)to _(第二个缺点)When asked to _, I tend to _. This is because I _(原因一). Furthermore, _(原因二). Finally, _(原因三).三、说明原因型作文 Nowadays ,there are more and more _A（代表一种现象）in some big cities . It is estimated that_(用具体数据说明该现象) Why have there been so many A ?Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is that_(原因一) .Besides, _(原因二) . The third reason is _( 原因三).To sum up ,the main cause of A is due to _( 指出主要原因) .It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing,_ (解决建议一).On the other hand ,_(解决建议二). All these measures will certainly reduce the number of A.、注意长短句的巧妙结合运用。长短句原则工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。二、主题句一定要放置得当。主题句原则国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的! To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、注意文章表达要条理清晰。一二三原则：领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。 1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗) 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗) 3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗) 4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗) 5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐) 6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐) 7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐) 8)most important of all, moreover, finally 9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况) 10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!四、灵活运用短语，能起到较好的效果。短语优先原则写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如： I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。五、尽量表达上多用实词，使文章真切有力。多实少虚原则原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以清华在线的老师建议大家在写作当中多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!六、多变句式原则1)加法(串联)：大家都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover2)转折(拐弯抹角)：批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他