2020高考英语大二轮复习冲刺经典专题语篇部分专题一阅读理解第1讲细节理解类教学案.docx

专题一阅读理解读文方式(一)问题文章问题先看问题，然后带着问题去读文章，再答题。这种方式能够节省答题时间，针对性强，适用于解答细节性和事实性的题目。(二)文章问题文章粗读文章，然后看题目，再精读来答题。这种方式有利于把握文章主旨及作者的观点意图，对文章理解度较深，但速度较慢。上面两种读文方式无优劣之别，一旦选择了适合考生自身的方式，就要持之以恒。化解生词在此，我们首先强调考生必须要注意词汇的积累，因为它是提高阅读水平最基础也是最重要的一步。但一般来说，在文章中总会碰到一些生词，这也符合考试大纲(允许出现3%的超纲词)的要求。对于生词我们一般可通过以下三种方式来破解：1跳过无关紧要的词高考的阅读理解中出现的生词有相当大的一部分是没必要精准知道词义的，它的具体含义对文章或基本句意的理解不会有什么影响。如，同时出现的几个首字母大写的单词，很可能是专有名词，只需知道它是某个名称即可；再如，斜体的单词很可能是某书、电影等的名称或某个专业术语，只需知道它代表何物即可。对于类似这样的词汇，考生不必过多纠缠，跳过便是。我们建议考生在平时练习时，要加强对生词的容忍度并进行跳过技巧的训练，这样临场时才能保证做题的速度和准确率。2猜测有影响的词阅读中有些生词对文章理解至关重要，必须要知道它的准确含义，这类词通常是“词义猜测”类试题的设题重点。对于它的破解我们会在下文“第4讲 词义猜测类”中具体阐述。3拆分长难句阅读中出现的长难句经常是考生对文章理解的障碍，这是因为它一方面结构复杂，经常多种从句套用，另一方面是因为它分隔现象比较普遍，常将从句隔离开，有时还出现省略、倒装、虚拟等特殊句式用法，这些无疑都增加了理解的难度。长难句的破解关键在于要能找出句子的主干成分，分清从属成分。即将“枝叶”介词短语、插入语、定语(从句)、状语(从句)、同位语(从句)、非谓语等去掉，留下的便是“主干”。典例Rachel Liang (梁文音), a Taiwanese singer, who once competed in a series of Taiwanese singing contests, such as the Blackie Show (我爱黑涩会), and One Million Stars (超级星光大道), rose to fame while playing Kojima Tomoko (友子) in the Taiwanese block Cape No.7 (海角七号)：同位语(a Taiwanese singer)，定语从句(who once competed in a series of Taiwanese singing contests, such as the Blackie Show, and One Million Stars)，状语从句的省略(while playing Kojima Tomoko in the Taiwanese block Cape No.7)；：Rachel Liang rose to fame. (SV)梁文音成名了。梁文音何许人也(同位语)，经历如何(定语从句)，什么节目中成名(状语从句的省略)。阅读侧重点1首尾处 高考中的阅读理解尤其是说明文和议论文，文章的结构层次都非常规范，逻辑性都很强，这类文章的首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。正因如此这些地方也就理所当然地成为了命题的重点所在。2转折处文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，考生看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记，以便做题时查找。常见的转折词语有：but, however, yet, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, on the contrary等。3对比处文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by contrast, (be) compared with, in comparison等。4举例处一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点，这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。考生要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点，找到了论点也就找到了根源，做题也就有了依据。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, for example, for instance, take . as an example等。5因果处因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。正因如此，命题者对这些地方非常青睐，通常命题者会将因果颠倒去迷惑考生。常见的词语有：because, for, since, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, because of, due to, thanks to, as a result (of), result in/from, lead to等。需要注意的是，有时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时考生就要根据实际情况去进行推理判断，理清逻辑。6特殊标点处文章的特殊标点符号处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。因此，考生要对下列特殊标点符号格外留心：破折号，其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；冒号，主要用来对前面内容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号考生重点关注冒号后的内容即可；括号，考生需要注意的是英文中的括号不同于中文的用法，中文里可跳过，但英文必须要认真阅读。因为英文括号里的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。7结论处当文章中出现the research/study indicates, the report suggests等结论性表达时，考生要格外注意。因为命题者通常不考查实验或研究的过程，却关注其结果或结论，而这些地方恰恰是表达结果或结论的所在。8观点处文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时要注意doubt, appreciate, hate, be against/for, in favor of等词语。真题导练A(2019全国卷D篇)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers. The likables playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究). “We found that the least wellliked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play datesharing, kindness, opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research, Dr Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said.32What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?AUnkind.BLonely. CGenerous.DCool.33What is the second paragraph mainly about?AThe classification of the popular.BThe characteristics of adolescents.CThe importance of interpersonal skills.DThe causes of dishonorable behavior.34What did Dr Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?AThey appeared to be aggressive.BThey tended to be more adaptable.CThey enjoyed the highest status.DThey performed well academically.35What is the best title for the text?ABe NiceYou Wont Finish LastBThe Higher the Status, the BetterCBe the BestYou Can Make ItDMore SelfControl, Less Aggressiveness第一步速读全文，了解大意本文是一篇说明文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度对青少年的影响。 第二步细审题干，定位原文32推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“early_years_of_elementary_school”可定位到第一段第一句，根据句意和sharing一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选C项。33段落大意题。根据第二段第二句可知Dr Prinstein教授将受欢迎的人分为两类，第三句和第四句分别用“The_likables . ”和“Then_theres_the_kind_of_popularity_that_appears_in_adolescence .”引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时本段第二句中的关键词sort . into . (把分成)与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。34推理判断题。根据题干信息定位文章第四段最后一句中的“It_clearly_showed_that_while_likability_can_lead_to_healthy_adjustment”可知，Dr Prinstein的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable一词与第四段中的adjustment一词相呼应。故选B项。35标题判断题。通读全文并根据最后一段第一句可知，本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢对青少年成长有深远的有益影响，因此A项作为标题最合适。第三步有的放矢，核对答案通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比，再次核实答案。B(2018全国卷C篇)Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150). Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a questionmark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.28What can we infer about languages in huntergatherer times?AThey developed very fast. BThey were large in number.CThey had similar patterns. DThey were closely connected.29Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?AComplex. BAdvanced.CPowerful. DModern.30How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?AAbout 6,800. BAbout 3,400.CAbout 2,400. DAbout 1,200.31What is the main idea of the text?ANew languages will be created.BPeoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.CHuman development results in fewer languages.DGeography determines language evolution.第一步速读全文，了解大意本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少的现象及其原因。第二步细审题干，定位原文28推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词huntergatherer，定位文章第一段第二、三句可知，当人类社会处在原始社会，人们以狩猎为生时，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的语言模式。当世界上的人口数量在五百万到一千万时，语言种类达到了12,000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。29词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“dominant_languages_such_as_English,_Spanish_and_Chinese_are_increasingly_taking_over”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语越来越占据统治地位。由此推知，dominant意为“占优势的；强大的”。故选C。30细节理解题。根据题干中的less than 6,000 people，定位第三段中的“At_present,_the_world_has_about_6,800_languages.”和“The_median_number_(中位数)_of_speakers_is_a_mere_6,000,_which_means that_half_the worlds_languages_are_spoken_by_fewer_people_than_that.”可知，目前世界上大约有6,800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6,000人的占一半，即3,400。故选B。31主旨大意题。定位文章第一段第一句和第二段第二句可知，本文所讲的主要内容为随着时代的发展，语言在逐渐消失和减少。故选C。第三步有的放矢，核对答案通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比，再次核实答案。C(2017全国卷C篇)After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populationsmajor food sources (来源) for the wolfgrew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes, and completely drove away the parks beavers.As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The US Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.28What is the text mainly about?AWildlife research in the United States.BPlant diversity in the Yellowstone area.CThe conflict between farmers and gray wolves.DThe reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.29What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragraph 2 mean?ATested. BSeparated.CForced out. DTracked down.30What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?ADamage to local ecology.BA decline in the parks income.CPreservation of vegetation.DAn increase in the variety of animals.31What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?ADoubtful. BPositive.CDisapproving. DUncaring.第一步速读全文，了解大意本文是一篇说明文。以前在黄石地区随处可见的灰狼消失了。灰狼的消失引发了一系列生态问题。鉴于此，政府启动了一项历时30年的引进和繁育狼的计划，迄今为止已经取得了很好的成效。第二步细审题干，定位原文28主旨大意题。议论文的中心主旨往往在首尾段，速读首尾段定位到第一段可知，文章围绕重新将灰狼引入黄石公园展开讨论。故选D。29词义猜测题。根据第一段可知，灰狼曾经随处可见，再结合第二段中“wolves_had_practically_disappeared”可知，与displaced意思最接近的是C项意为“迫使离开”。30推理判断题。根据题干信息定位第三段可知，灰狼的消失产生了很多意想不到的结果。鹿群及丛林狼的数量快速增长，前者导致植被被破坏，后者杀死大量红狐狸并将河狸赶出公园。由此可知，灰狼的消失导致当地的生态失去平衡。故选A。31推理判断题。定位最后一段可知，灰狼回归后，鹿群及丛林狼的数量减少了，而河狸和红狐狸又回来了，再由“a_valuable_experiment_to_help”等可推断出作者对于黄石狼项目持肯定的态度。故选B。第三步有的放矢，核对答案通过题干的关键词，在文中找到信息区间，仔细对比，再次核实答案。第1讲细节理解类题型概述题型破解1 定位对比破解直接信息题解题指导审读题干，提取关键信息速读定位原文比对选项与文中细节，得出答案。典例(2019全国卷C篇) . In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.30What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?AItll be environmentfriendly.BItll reach consumers soon.CItll be made of plastics.DItll help speed up typing.解析B根据题干“研究者对于智能键盘有什么期望”及关键词“expect”与最后一句中“hope”的呼应，可直接定位到最后一句话“该团队希望在不久的将来，将智能键盘推向市场”。故选B。2 同义互释破解间接信息题解题指导审读题干，提取关键信息速读定位原文，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。典例(2019全国卷A篇) . Summer Employment Opportunities (机会)Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible：Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.23Which program favors the disabled?AJobs for Youth.BSummer Company.CStewardship Youth Ranger Program.DSummer Employment Opportunities.解析D根据题干中的关键词“the disabled (残疾人)”可直接定位到最后一则暑期工作公告中的“persons with a disability”两者属于典型的同义词替换，故选D。3 整合推算破解数字计算题解题指导审读题干，提取关键信息定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落运用数学公式进行推算，得出答案。典例(2018江苏高考A篇) . Admission$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters (回廊) on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult. . 56How much may they pay if an 11yearold girl and her working parents visit the museum?A$12. B$37.C$50. D$62.解析C根据题干关键词How much和pay可迅速定位到原文信息$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.可知，成人票价25美元，12岁以下儿童在大人的陪同下免费。因而11岁的女孩和其父母只需支付两张成人票款即可。通过计算可知答案应为C项。4 首尾定位破解细节排序题解题指导审读题干和四个选项的内容利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，进一步缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。典例A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.Izzys mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead.Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived.Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said, “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”“Shes a little star，” said Debbie, “I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just cant believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert.”Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment.He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.Whats the right order of the events?Izzy kicked Colm. Debbie called 999.Izzy learned CPR. Colms heart stopped.A BC D解析通过速读原文我们可知第一件事是Colms heart stopped，而最后一件事是Izzy kicked Colm，故答案为B项。过关检测(限时：35分钟)(2019浙江高考)Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. He finds old military (军队的) medals for sale in antique stores and on the Internet. But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks down the medals rightful owners, and returns them.His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado AG. Piccoli, found in an antique shop. Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Hearthe earned one himself in a war as a soldier. So when his mother gave him the medal, he knew right away what he had to do.Through the Internet, Zac tracked down Corrados sister Adeline Rockko. But when he finally reached her, the woman flooded him with questions：“Who are you? What antique shop？” However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had handled the call. So she called Zac back and apologized. Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown, NY. “At that point, I knew she meant business，” Zac s