句法总结.doc

重点语法和常用句型1. manage to do解析：manage to do 意思为成功做某事，即经过努力达到了目的，后接动词不定式，不接v-ing，相当于succeed in doing sth。 练习：1) If you manage to get in touch with Mr. Smith, the problem will be solved easily because he is an expert in this field. 如果你设法与Smith先生取得联系，这个问题将会被很容易解决，因为他是这个领域的专家。2)Doyouthinkyoucanmanagetogetussometickets？_你看能想办法给我们搞几张票吗？2. asas 解析：1) as.as意为和一样，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。其基本结构为：A+as+ adj./ adv. +as B, 为了避免重复，我们常用that, those和one一类的代词代替as后重复前面出现的名词。2) 其否定句：A+not +as +adj./adv +as B.=A+not +so +adj./adv. +as B，表示A、B两者程度不同，即A不如B那么。（翻译）1)On average, it is said, visitors spend only _ half as much _ in a day in Leeds（利兹，英国城市）as in London. 据说，游客平均在利兹的花销只有伦敦的一半。（06年四级真题） 2) The land area of China is more than _twenty times larger than that of Japan_.中国的面积超过日本二十倍大。（四级模拟训练）（改错）1) He is three times old as me.(在old前面加as)_ 2) The exhibition this time attracted two as many visitors as last time. (把two变成twice)_（填空）The building is four times as high as that one.= The building is three times higher than that one. = The building is four times the height of that one.= The height of the building is four times that of that one.3. When it comes to解析：when it comes to 意思是“当提到，说到；至于”，相当于concerning。需要注意的是to是介词，后面如果出现动词需要加v-ing的形式。 练习：1) People will think of vast stretches of fields in a quiet and peaceful atmosphere _when it comes to life in the countryside._当提到乡村生活，人们就会想到安静平和气息里的大片田地。2) Age is no criterion _when it comes to changing your life _ . In fact, change is what keeps us young. 提及改变你的生活，年龄并非标准。事实上，改变使我们永葆青春。3) Women are not smarter than man when it comes to emotional intelligence , nor are men smarter than women. 说到情商，女人不比男人更聪明，男人也不比女人更聪明。4. 部分否定 解析：英语中的部分否定主要有如下几种形式：1) all的否定形式： not all（all not）意思为“并非都（不是所有的都）”Not all men can be masters. = All men cannot be masters.并非人人都能当头头。2) every的否定形式：not every(everynot) 意思为“不是每都”Not every book is educative. = every book is not educative.不是每本书都有教育意义。Not everyone likes this book。并非人人都喜欢这本书。练习： （翻译）1)_Notallbirdscanfly._= _Allbirdscantfly._=_Somebirdscantfly._不是所有的鸟都会飞。2) Speaking of hamburgers not all Americans like them .说及汉堡，并非所有美国人都爱吃。3) Not all people share the same interests , but we can still make friends with people who do not have our interests. 人的兴趣不尽相同， 但我们仍能和那些与我们兴趣不同的人交朋友。（选择）I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with _A_.A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing5. 动词不定式 解析： 动词不定式的语法功能是四、六级的常考内容。不定式在句子中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补语。 练习：1) The bank is reported in the local newspaper _B_ in broad daylight yesterday. (CET4:01-1-63)A. robbed B. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having been robbed2) Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw _C_.(CET4:93-1-58)A. so that to get not involved B. so as to get not involved C. so as not to get involved D. so that not to get involved3) The mother didnt know who _C_ for the broken glass. (CET4:02-1-64)A. blamed B. would blame C. to blame D. be blamed4) _A_ a teacher in a university, its necessary to have at least a masters degree. (CET4:95-1-48)A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. One becoming5) With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers _B_ before their time. (CET4:01-6-36) A. be bloomed B. bloom C. bloomed D. blooming6限定性与非限定性定语从句： 限定性定语从句1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置。2. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语3. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点4. when引导定语从句表示时间 This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格非限定性定语从句： 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。 练习 ：1）IveneverbeentoBeijing,butitistheplace_.(99/06/55) A)thatIwanttovisititmostB)whereIdliketovisit C)inwhichIdliketovisitD)Imostwanttovisit D)题意：我从未去过北京，但它是我最想参观的地方。 解析：此句的先行词虽为指地点的place，但定语从句中缺宾语，且visit是及物动词，故只能选A。Thesepeopleoncehadfameandfortune;now_islefttothemisutterpoverty.(02/6/61)A)allthatC)allwhichB)allwhatD)thatallB)题意：这些人一度曾拥有名声和财富，现在剩下的只有贫穷了。 解析：thatislefttothem作all的定语从句，故选A。2) 改错： （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which/that) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which/that) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。7Its about time. 解析：It is (high, about) time 为固定句式，使用虚假语气结构(过去时/should do)，表示“该到的时候了”。例如，Its time that you left/you were leaving/you should leave. 练习：Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _?A) we are going home C) we went home B) we go home D) we can go home答案：C 此外，it is time句式 也可使用于形式宾语Its + time for sb to do sth / for doing 形式。练习：It is time for you to call Mr. Smith./Its time for your calling to Mr. Smith. (使该给史密斯打电话的时候了)8. come to do sth 解析：come to do sth逐渐/终于，后跟realize/ understand/ love/ like等表示心理状态的动词练习： 1. It is often in overcoming hardships that we come to appreciate the value of life翻译：通常在克服困难的过程中我们才能体会生命的价值。2. With repeated hackers attacks on our system, we have come to realize the necessity of hiring a computer-security expert翻译：在黑客反复攻击了我们系统之后，我们终于认识到聘请一位网络安全专家的必要性。9. Chance are that 解析: chance are that意义为“可能”，相当于probably, maybe，为表示判断的句式。练习：1. Chances are that the football champion team will be brought forth between these two teams. 翻译：足球冠军很有可能将会在那两个队伍中产生 2. Chances are shes already heard the news. 翻译：可能她已经知道这消息了。10It occurred to sb to do/that解析：It occurred to sb to do/that为固定句型，表示“突然想起” 练习：1.It never occurred to me _ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. A. which B. what C. that D. if解析:考查固定句型。It occurs/occurred to sb that .是固定句型，意思是：突然想起.，其中that引导主语从句，选C。2.It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem. 翻译：我突然想起我知道怎样解决那个问题11. with的用法 练习：1._production up by 60 %, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through解析： 答案 C。本题考查介词with的复合结构“with + n / pron + prep. phrase(介词短语)”的用法。“as”作为连词，意为“因为、由于”，其后必须跟从句；作为介词，意为“作为”，从语法和句意方面都不能用。而for和through在这里从语法和句意方面也不能用。在这里应用with，意思是“因为、由于”。 句意是：由于生产（产品）上升了60% ，这家公司又有了一个辉煌年。2. _two exams to worry about , I have to work really hard this weekendA. Besides B. With C. As for D. Because of解析：答案 B。从句子的结构看这里必须要填一个介词，而不能填连词，“as for” 意思是“至于、关于”；because of意思是“由于、因为”，其后不能跟复合结构，所以不能选择C和D。在所给的选项中只有with才符合构成“ with + n / pron + to do ”结构。句意是：由于担心这两门考试，本周末我得真的用功了。3._ more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out .A. As B. For C. With D. By解析：答案C。此题考查with复合结构“with + n / pron +v-ed. ”的用法，在这里表示原因。as和for常常引导的是一个表示原因的句子，而介词by显然没有这种用法。句意是：由于越来越多的森林遭到破坏，一些动植物正面临着灭绝的危险。4.Many large cities, such as Liverpool and New York , have had experiments of this kind, _ old factories turned into successful art centers.A. for B. with C .as D .like解析：答案B。本题也是考查with复合结构用法的,表示一种伴随情况。介词for与as虽具有“由于、因为” 之意，但其后要跟从句，like没有“由于、因为” 之意，应该排除A、C、D，答案是B。句意是：随着旧工厂被成功地改制为艺术中心，许多大城市（如利物浦和纽约）都做着这方面的尝试。 5. _so much homework to do , I wont have time to go to see the film tonight.A. With B. To C. For D. In解析：答案A。这里用介词 with的复合结构作状语表示原因，而to、for、in则没有这种复合结构用法，故排除B、C、D，答案是B。句意是：由于有许多家庭作业要去做，今晚我没有时间去看电影。6._and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor s help to end her life .(2005年江苏省高考试题)A .Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cureC . There being hope for cure D. In the hope of cure解析：答案 B。此题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。逗号前的内容作状语，该部分是由介词with构成的短语及现在分词短语suffering from the terrible disease构成的，介词with有两个宾语，分别是 no hope for cure和 no way to reduce her pain。句意是：这位病人由于没有治愈的希望和减轻其痛苦的方法，她饱受疾病煎熬，于是请求大夫结束她的生命。 7.It was cold outside , the boy ran into the room _ his nose red.A. to B. on C. in D. with解析：答案 D。这个句子是考查with 的复合结构用法的，用with +名词（nose）+形容词（red）作状语表示伴随情况。而to、on 、in 作为介词则没有这种用法，故排除A、B、C，答案为D。句意是：外面天气很冷，那个男孩跑进了屋子时，鼻子红红的。8._all the representatives (代表)still not there , the meeting was postponed for several months. A. Without B. With C. By D. Because解析：答案 B。这里应填入一个介词结构以表示原因或状态，而在所给的选项中without 具有否定意义，不能用在这里；by则表示方式、手段等；because后则要跟从句，只有with具有这种用法，所以选B。句意是：在代表仍然不在场的情况下，会议被推迟了好几个月。 12. be used to doing / used to do 解析：become/be used to doing sth表示“习惯于做某事”，介词to后接doing used to do sth表示“过去常常做某事” 此外be used to do 表示“用来做”，是被动态。 练习：We used to play in the wheat fields on winter evenings, when we were children翻译：当我们还是小孩的时候，常常在冬天的夜晚到麦田里去玩。Plastics can be used to make all kinds of things 翻译：塑料能用来制造各种各样的东西。Im used to having a cup of coffee before dinner. 翻译：我习惯吃饭前喝杯咖啡。13. 虚拟语气 解析：用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件，是虚拟条件最普通的方式。 1）虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形2）虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词3）虚拟将来时是表示与将来的相反的假设，If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形练习： 1.You would not have failed if (按照我的指令去做).(2009.12) 【答案】you had followed my instructions 或者 you had followed my orders 2.她认为如果她将来有了工作，她就不能经常和她的朋友们见面了。_【答案】she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题） 3.如果我是你，我就和她结婚。_【答案】If I were in your position I would marry her. 4.If I had had enough time, I_ my work.A. would finish B. must have finished C. would have finishedD. had finished【答案】 C5.Ten minutes earlier, they _ the plane.A. will catchB. would catchC. would have caughtD. will have caught 【答案】 C6.Mr Green requires that the students _ a composition every other week. 【答案】AA. write B. written C. would write D. will write14. It is/系动词（seem/look.) +adj+that.例句：So its too bad the flying saucer landed on April 14, 1956. (L18)解析： 这是主语从句的一种，it是形式主语，例句中省略了that, 类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, clear, necessary, likely, important , essential,etc.1她是否能来令人怀疑。_It is doubtful whether she will be able to come. 2他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。 _It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you .3周末之前，他应该到这里是必要的。_It is essential that he should be here by the weekend .4很明显我们不能这样下去了。_It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.15. as though/if 用法解析：as if 与as though 是一组同义词，两者意思相同，用法也相同，只是在口语中人们多半会用as if。1)asthough/if从句用陈述语气的情况当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。如：Itsoundsasifitisraining听起来像是在下雨。Hetalksasifheisdrunk从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。2)asthough/if从句用虚拟语气的情况当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下：a)如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。如：Hetalksasifheknewwhereshewas他说话的样子，好像他知道她在哪里似的。b)从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had过去分词”。如：HetalksaboutRomeasifhehadbeentherebefore他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。c)从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“wouldcouldmight动词原形”。如：Heopenedhismouthasifhewouldsaysomething他张开嘴好像要说什么。练习： 1.她看起来好像年轻了十岁（翻译）。Shelooksasifsheweretenyearsyounger.2.他们谈话的感觉好像已经认识了好多年了（翻译）。They talked as if they had been friends for years. 3. He felt as if he alone _ what had happened.A. be responsible to B. should be responsible to C. be responsible for D. were responsible for 答案:D 4. He is a stupid man. But he acts as though he _ a wise man.A. is B. were C. should be D. seems like 答案：B16. 独立主格结构解析:独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。主要有如下几种形式：1) 名词/主格代词+现在分词，名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。如：The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 2）名词/主格代词+过去分词，名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 3）名词/主格代词+不定式，名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 4）名词/主格代词+形容词，如：So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 5）名词/主格代词+副词，如：He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 6）名词/主格代词+介词短语，如The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 7）There being +名词（代词），如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 7）It being +名词（代词），如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 注意：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 4）独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 练习：1.Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 答案：A 2.He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that 答案：B 3. There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that 答案：B17. Too.to./.enough to.解析： 1）too.to.句型形式是肯定的，但表达否定意义，表示太而不能。too的后面接形容词或副词的原级，to的后面接动词原形，构成动词不定式。例如：He is too young to join the army.他年龄太小，不能参军。2）.enough to表示“.足够.能.”，这里enough作副词使用，修饰形容词和副词，必须放在它们之后，如：Im old enough to handle my own affairs. 我已经长大了,可以处理我自己的事情。3)too.to.结构与. enough to.结构可以互换，将too.to.结构转换为.enough to.结构时要注意：enough前的形容词或副词须是too前面形容词或副词的反义词；.enough to .句式须用否定式；too.to.结构有逻辑主语时，.enough to.结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如：She is too young to do the work.She isnt old enough to do the work. 练习：1. Millie was too _ to work out the problem. A.careful B.careless C.carefully D.carelessly 答案：B2.他们走得不够快跟不上我（翻译）。They cannot walk fast enough to catch up with me.3.情况相当严重，他必须要要采取应对措施了（翻译）。The situation is serious enough for him to take measures to deal with it. 18. till/until 用法解析：1)until和till都可用作连词和介词,用来引导从句和构成介词短语,充当时间状语。两者在一般情况下可互换使用,但until比till更正式;用于句首时,多用until。2)until和till用于肯定句时,只和持续性动词连用,意为“到为止”。until和till用于否定句时,通常与瞬间动词连用,也可与持续性动词连用,意为“直到才”。 练习：1.我将一直等直到他回来。（翻译）I will wait till he comes back. 2.直到他爸爸回家杰克才上床睡觉。（翻译）Jack didnt go to bed till his father came home. 3.直到获得有关当局的批准我们才能发行那部电影。（翻译）We cant release the film until we have the approval from the authority concerned.19.过去分词作定语解析： 1）过去分词短语作后置定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。2）过去分词作前置定语，单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。a）被动意义:an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人b）完成意义:a retired teacher 一位退休的教师练习： 1）_are now being taken good care of in the hospital.受伤的士兵现正在医院受到良好的照料。答案：The injured soldiers2）They are cleaning_ in the yard.他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。答案：the fallen leaves2.现在分词用法解析：1）当现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。也可以说明被修饰词的性质和特征，此时可换成相应的定语从句。例如：There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. 又如：I was satisfied with the exciting speech. 2）现在分词作状语时，常可以表达伴随、原因、结果、时间、条件、让步情况，如：表伴随:伴随状语出现的条件是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态。伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语，伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的.例如：The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.练习： 1.In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, _ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 答案：A2. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _ all four people on board. A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill 答案：B3._ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having waited D. To have waited 答案：c4.（改错）Opening the window, a butterfly flew into my study. (误)Opening the window, I saw a butterfly flying into my study. (正)20. 部分倒装句解析：倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装，部分倒装的用法主要有以下几点：1) hardly, in no way, little, scarcely, seldom, never, no more, no longer, not, not only, no sooner, not only (but also),not until 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。2) only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。例如:Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.只有在这个国家你才能学到“真正的英语”。3) so / such.that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。例如: So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。 练习： 1.我刚到家就下起了雨。（翻译）No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 2.我很少乘公共汽车上班。（翻译）Seldom do I go to work by bus. 3.Only after liberation_ to be treated as human beings. A A.did they begin B. they had begun C.they did begin D. had they begun4.Not only _to stay at home, but he was also forbidden to see his friends. D A.he was forcing B. he was forced C.was he forcing D. was he forced5.Not until his father was out of prison to school. _. C A.can John go B. J