雅思阅读机经20150110.docx

雅思考试机经雅思阅读机经V2010110一、 考试时间：2015年1月10日（周六）二、 考试概述：本次考试为2015年的第一篇，如去年第一场一样，不仅难度偏低，而且有两篇文章在去年出现过，且当时的回忆即非常详尽，答案和文章都很全面。第一篇Bondi Beach，讲悉尼的一个海滩，是2011年8月20日和2012年10月20日的旧题。澳洲的话题在雅思剑桥真题集中特别多，且2014年最后一场也考到了澳洲的古人，鉴于本篇文章与奥运会有关，所以剑六第一套第一篇Australias Sporting Success澳大利亚的体育成功是很好的参考素材。第二篇Economic Effect of Climate，讲气候与国家经济的关系，这一篇是2014年1月25日，即春节前最后一次考试的考题，同时也是2006年7月22日的考题。在经典机经中，欧洲最热的一年意大利与疟疾等文章都是很好的参考。第三篇verbal and non-verbal behaviors语言与非语言行为，是新题，不过剑四第三套第三篇Obtaining Linguistic Data语料的获得与本篇文字非常接近。三、文章简介Passage 1: Bondi Beach，悉尼著名的Bondi海滩。Passage 2: Economic Effect of Climate，气候与国家经济的关系。Passage 3: verbal and non-verbal behaviors，语言与非语言行为。四、篇章分析：Passage 1：文章内容全文先概括性介绍了邦迪海滩的缘起，发展和建筑风格，然后从海滩周围城市的崛起讲了它的周边设施和国际知名度的创立，最后从悉尼奥运会从该海滩举办了沙滩排球，讲到了这个公共沙滩的未来发展可能。题型分布与答案参考判断题5题 简答题4题 填空题4题判断题：1. 英国殖民者首先称呼该沙滩为邦迪海滩 False 2. 与欧洲文化相比，澳洲的土著文化是不显著的NG 3.邦迪沙滩有很多同时代的旅馆 NG 4. 迪拜海边地区典型的红色建筑是收英国文化的影响 True5. 住在迪拜海滩附近对健康没有益处 False简答题：6.在19世纪末期，当地人采取什么交通工具去海滩：Tram 7. 英国皇室何时首次访问邦迪海滩：19548. 2000年悉尼奥运会上这个海滩举办了什么项目：beach volleyball 9. 为了举办奥会赛事，可能会危害到海滩的什么：environment摘要填空:10.海滩的体育活动吸引了：wealthy people 11. 当住宿情况无法得到解决时，哪个地区缓解了这种情况：Manly 12. 但最终人们还是选择住在：Bondi 13. 它的海滨建筑最大的特色来自于哪里的色彩：tiled roofs相关拓展The Bondi Surf Pavilion in Sydney, Australia, constructed in 1928, is a building of historic significance and has been listed by the Heritage Council According to the National Trust it has come to represent the Australian culture of beach bathing and outdoors living.The pavilion is managed by Waverley Council.In about 1900 there were no dressing sheds at Bondi, as bathing at that time was not a popular pastime. People went to the beach for a picnic, but they seldom went swimming. However, from the beginning of the twentieth century the popularity of surf bathing began to grow. In 1905 Waverley Council agreed to the construction of two dressing sheds one for men and one for women(the ladies shed is shown in the centre photo below) although it soon became apparent that these sheds were not adequate, as they seem to have lacked roofs. One lady complained in 1910 that people passing in the tram could see those in the sheds dressing and undressing.Consequently, new sheds were erected in 1911. These are pictured below (far right photo) and were described in detail in the Sydney Morning Herald:Bondi now boasts not only the most up-to-date surf bathers accommodation in the State but also the Commonwealth. It is provided with facilities for 1000 bathers and the building is divided into two sections providing accommodation for 750 men and 250 women. Bathers compartments are separated by asbestos sheet partitioning and the floor is wholly of concrete to ensure cleanliness. Besides shower-baths and other necessities for bathers the front of the building is devoted to the purposes of a tea-room which is capable of holding a large number of persons while wide verandahs on the seaward side are also designed for tea parties.In 1923 Waverley Council commenced the implementation of the Bondi Beach and Park Improvement Scheme. The scheme included provision of a kiosk and surf sheds, three lavatory blocks, a band stand, parks to surround the buildings and increased car and pedestrian facilities. A competition was held to design the structures and was won by the architectural form of Robertson and Marks.The foundation stone marking the commencement of the project was laid in May 1928. In October the Sydney Morning Herald photographed the building, which was still under construction, as shown below.The pavilion was a very ambitious project. It had extensive dressing cubicles, which were originally in two courtyards on the ground floor of the building. One courtyard was for men and the other for women, and the individual changing booths were constructed in rows in each courtyard. These rows within the courtyards can be seen in the photograph above. It also had Turkish and hotwater baths, shops, a ballroom, cabaret theatre, an auditorium and a cafe. Tunnels leading from the two courtyards passed underneath Marine Parade (now Queen Elizabeth Drive) to a pair of concrete groynes which opened onto the beach.The pavilion was not officially opened until the end of 1929. However, by October 1928 the project was sufficiently completed to allow people to use the dressing accommodation. The council placed the advertisement shown below, outlining the attractions of Bondi.A great crowd attended the official opening of the Bondi Beach improvement scheme by the Mayor of Waverley (Alderman D Hunter) on Saturday afternoon. Bondi was permeated with music all through the day and evening. There were brass bands, fife and drum bands and bugle bands and when there was no band playing loud speakers took their place. A little after noon King Neptune landed from a surf boat in front of the pavilion where he was welcomed by the Mayoress. His majesty brought a number of balloons and these were eagerly struggled for by hundreds of children. The beach was alive with surfers and sea nymphs, Girl Guides and Boy Scouts and thousands of spectators. It was estimated that there were between 160,000 and 200,000 people present, the marine drive, promenade and the sands being covered by a dense mass of pleasure seekers.The Bondi Pavilion was well utilised for about two decades after its opening. During the war the first floor, where the Esplanade Cabaret had been, was requisitioned by the American Red Cross and the U.S. military to become an officers club until the end of the war. After the war, dances were organised at the pavilion, and the proceeds went to disadvantaged Australian returned soldiers. In 1948 the pavilion obtained a liquor licence.Today the pavilion is still a community centre. It has a theatre, a gallery and rehearsal, meeting and function rooms. Many cultural and film festivals are held at the building, and shops, changing rooms and toilets are still available to the public.Passage 2：文章内容一开始提出了一个理论，说天气越冷的地方，国家的发达程度越高，比如北欧很富裕，非洲很贫瘠。但也有人反对,比如说新加坡就在赤道线上。话锋一转讲到天气变化对各地的影响，说一次霜冻席卷了美国，造成全国上下冰冻一片。接下来的理论是与动植物的分布有关，以一本“蚊子的书”为例，想到费城黄热病可能和气温有关，后来疾病的控制是因为变冷了，蚊子都冻死了，就没有传染介质了。然后就开始做了很多实验，对比了粮食的散播速度，从欧洲内部很快，但是到非洲很慢，最后还提到影响社会发展的还有其他原因，比如国家基础建设，但是气候的确会影响财富，财富再影响建设，所以归根结蒂各因素互相影响。题型分布与答案参考7个段落名称为A-G：A: InspirationB: Low temperature benefits people and cropC: The positive correlation between climate and countryD: The spread of crop in European and other countriesE: The wealth influenced by other factors besides climateF: The traditional view reflectingG: The best way to use aid6个Sentence Completion （不是全篇的，从最后一部分找答案eye detector 部分找答案）Singapore，这是一个climate和economy没关系的反例。Eurasia，后面是than in AfricaEinkorn wheat，文中一个例子Finland，第三段的例子，小国家但是发展的好。administrative institutes，钱不应该给他们相关拓展一个特别开心的消息是这次帮大家把原文找出来了：Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosquitoes when inspiration struck. “There was this anecdote about the great yellow fever epidemic that hit Philadelphia in 1793,” Masters recalls. “This epidemic decimated the city until the first frost came.” The inclement weather froze out the insects, allowing Philadephia to recover. If weather could be the key to a citys fortunes, Masters thought, then why not to the historical fortunes of nations? And could frost lie at the heart of one of the most enduring economic mysteries of all why are almost all the wealthy, industrialised nations to be found at latitudes above 40 degrees? After two years of research, he thinks that he has found a piece of the puzzle. Masters, an agricultural economist from Purdue University in Indiana, and Margaret McMillan at Tufts University, Boston, show that annual frosts are among the factors that distinguish rich nations from poor ones. Their study is published this month in the Journal of Economic Growth. The pair speculate that cold snaps have two main benefits they freeze pests that would otherwise destroy crops, and also freeze organisms, such as mosquitoes, that carry disease. The result is agricultural abundance and a big workforce. The academics took two sets of information. The first was average income for countries, the second climate data from the University of East Anglia. They found a curious tally between the sets. Countries having five or more frosty days a month are uniformly rich, those with fewer than five are impoverished. The authors speculate that the five-day figure is important; it could be the minimum time needed to kill pests in the soil. Masters says: “For example, Finland is a small country that is growing quickly, but Bolivia is a small country that isnt growing at all. Perhaps climate has something to do with that.” In fact, limited frosts bring huge benefits to farmers. The chills kill insects or render them inactive; cold weather slows the break-up of plant and animal material in the soil, allowing it to become richer; and frosts ensure a build-up of moisture in the ground for spring, reducing dependence on seasonal rains. There are exceptions to the “cold equals rich” argument. There are well-heeled tropical countries such as Hong Kong and Singapore (both city-states, Masters notes), a result of their superior trading positions. Likewise, not all European countries are moneyed in the former communist colonies, economic potential was crushed by politics. Masters stresses that climate will never be the overriding factor the wealth of nations is too complicated to be attributable to just one factor. Climate, he feels, somehow combines with other factors such as the presence of institutions, including governments, and access to trading routes to determine whether a country will do well. Traditionally, Masters says, economists thought that institutions had the biggest effect on the economy, because they brought order to a country in the form of, for example, laws and property rights. With order, so the thinking went, came affluence. “But there are some problems that even countries with institutions have not been able to get around,” he says. “My feeling is that, as countries get richer, they get better institutions. And the accumulation of wealth and improvement in governing institutions are both helped by a favourable environment, including climate.” This does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and destined to remain penniless. Instead, richer countries should change the way in which foreign aid is given. Instead of aid being geared towards improving governance, it should be spent on technology to improve agriculture and to combat disease. Masters cites one example: “There are regions in India that have been provided with irrigation agricultural productivity has gone up and there has been an improvement in health.” Supplying vaccines against tropical diseases and developing crop varieties that can grow in the tropics would break the poverty cycle. Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing anthropological, climatic and zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most affluent. In 350BC, Aristotle observed that “those who live in a cold climate . . . are full of spirit”. Jared Diamond, from the University of California at Los Angeles, pointed out in his book Guns, Germs and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned east-west, while Africa and the Americas are aligned north-south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across latitudes because climates are similar. One of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, spread quickly from the Middle East into Europe; it took twice as long for corn to spread from Mexico to what is now the eastern United States. This easy movement along similar latitudes in Eurasia would also have meant a faster dissemination of other technologies such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates. The region also boasted domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool and motive power in the fields. Blessed with such natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off economically. John Gallup and Jeffrey Sachs, two US economists, have also pointed out striking correlations between the geographical location of countries and their wealth. They note that tropical countries between 23.45 degrees north and south of the equator are nearly all poor. In an article for the Harvard International Review, they concluded that “development surely seems to favour the temperate-zone economies, especially those in the northern hemisphere, and those that have managed to avoid both socialism and the ravages of war”. But Masters cautions against geographical determinism, the idea that tropical countries are beyond hope: “Human health and agriculture can be made better through scientific and technological research,” he says, “so we shouldnt be writing off these countries. Take Singapore: without air conditioning, it wouldnt be rich.”Passage 3：文章内容全文探讨的是启发式教学在教学中的应用，以及语言和非语言两种行为对于教学的促进作用。题型分布与答案参考填空题4题 判断题5题 选择题5题27H Chapa Heuristics28G feelings29A facial expressions30E word meaning干扰项还有 gender differences 31-35 判断31 YES few subjects （原文只谈到 only 65）32 NO two different experiments 与原文顺序有误33 YES subject 来自 same background34 NO35 NOT GIVEN 36-40 选择36 D “ numerous precision”37 D “ meaning of a quote38 D39 C 对于 finding 的理解40 C “to be fair”的用意相关拓展a number of psychologists and researchers. Argyle and Dean, for example, studied the relationship between eye contact and conversational distance. Ralph V. Exline examined patterns of looking while speaking and looking while listening. According to the scholars statement, in face-to-face communication, there are over 70% of all information is sent by nonverbal means while only 30% is conveyed through speaking. Moreover, communication is a complex process, especially in multicultural communication, because of the existence of different cultural backgrounds, it is easy to produce misunderstanding and conflict. Therefore, understanding the knowledge of nonverbal communication is necessary and meaningful. Generally, most classifications divide nonverbal messages into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body (appearance, movement, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, smell, and paralanguage); and those that the individual combines with the setting (space, time and silence). I. The Definition of Nonverbal Communication There is no shortage of definition for the term nonverbal communication. Different scholars have different views toward it. Some definitions are very simple. For example, “nonverbal communication is communication without the use of word”, or “nonverbal communication indicates all communicative behaviors except oral speech”. But some definitions are much more concrete. For instance, “nonverbal communication is the qualities or behaviors known to all in a community without the use of words, and that such qualities are intentionally or thought to be intentionally given by the speaker and consciously received and responded to by the listener”. The definition which made by Samovar reads that“nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver”. It is obviously that this definition not only mark the boundaries of nonverbal communication, but also reflect how the process actually works. Meanwhile, the definition also permits us to include unintentional as well as intentional behavior in the total communication event, this approach is realistic because we send the preponderance of nonverbal message without ever being aware that they have meaning for other people. II. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication To appreciate the importance of nonverbal communication to human interaction, reflect for a moment on the countless times in a single day that you send and receiver nonverbal message when in the presence of other people. The following are the reasons why nonverbal communication is so important. First, people make important judgements and decisions concerning the internal states of others-states they often express without words. Nonverbal communication is also importan because we use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states. It is significant in human interaction because it is usually resposible for first impressions and many of our nonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously. Finally, it is important to the study of intercultural communication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language. It means that whether in Dayton, Ohio, Madrid, Spain, or Guangzhou, China, people tend to have similar meanings for behaviors such as smiling, frowning, langhing, and crying. III. The Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication An English researcher called Desmond Morris once analyzed all gestures around the world, he studied the form, significance, characteristics and functions of gestures, and his research related to the characteristics of gestures is to utmost extent fit for nonverbal behaviors. Thus, according to Desmond Morris, nonverbal behaviors have the following characteristics: (1) A lot of nonverbal behaviors have more than one meaning; (2) Lots of nonverbal behaviors are multicultural and multinational, even across multi-language; (3) Some of nonverbal behaviors are only belong to particular associations or culture; (4) Some of nonverbal behaviors may have different meanings in the same ass