词缀具体条目及构词练习.doc

Vocabulary buildingAffixes and rootsAdding affixes to existing words (the base or root) to form new words is common in academic English. Prefixes are added to the front of the base (like dislike), whereas suffixes are added to the end of the base (active activate). Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the word.The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are: re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out-. The most common suffixes are: -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy. By far the most common affix in academic English is -ise.Verbse.g. prefix + verb verbPrefixMeaningExamplesre-again or backrestructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinancedis-reverses the meaning of the verbdisappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinueover-too muchoverbook, oversleep, overworkun-reverses the meaning of the verbunbend, uncouple, unfastenmis-badly or wronglymislead, misinform, misidentifyout-more or better than othersoutperform, outbidbe-make or causebefriend, belittleco-togetherco-exist, co-operate, co-ownde-do the opposite ofdevalue, deselectfore-earlier, beforeforeclose, foreseeinter-betweeninteract, intermix, interfacepre-beforepre-expose, prejudge, pretestsub-under/belowsubcontract, subdividetrans-across, overtransform, transcribe, transplantunder-not enoughunderfund, undersell, undervalue, underdevelopExercise e.g. Suffix used to form verbs with the meaning cause to be.SuffixExample-isestabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise-atedifferentiate, liquidate, pollinate, duplicate, fabricate-fyclassify, exemplify, simplify, justify-enawaken, fasten, shorten, moistenExercise NounsThe most common prefixes used to form new nouns in academic English are: co- and sub-. The most common suffixes are: -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery. By far the most common noun affix in academic English is -tion.e.g. prefix + noun nounPrefixMeaningExamplesanti-againstanticlimax, antidote, antithesisauto-selfautobiography, automobilebi-twobilingualism, biculturalism, bi-metalismco-jointco-founder, co-owner, co-descendantcounter-againstcounter-argument, counter-example, counter-proposaldis-the converse ofdiscomfort, dislikeex-formerex-chairman, ex-hunterhyper-extremehyperinflation, hypersurfacein-the converse ofinattention, incoherence, incompatibilityin-insideinpatient, inter-betweeninteraction, inter-change, interferencekilo-thousandkilobytemal-badmalfunction, maltreatment, malnutritionmega-millionmegabytemis-wrongmisconduct, misdeed, mismanagementmini-smallmini-publication, mini-theorymono-onemonosyllable, monograph, monogamyneo-newneo-colonialism, neo-impressionismout-separateoutbuilding, poly-manypolysyllablepseudo-falsepseudo-expertre-againre-organisation, re-assessment, re-examinationsemi-halfsemicircle, semi-darknesssub-belowsubset, subdivisionsuper-more than, abovesuperset, superimposition, superpowerssur-over and abovesurtaxtele-distanttelecommunications, tri-threetripartismultra-beyondultrasoundunder-below, too littleunderpayment, under-development, undergraduatevice-deputyvice-presidentExercise e.g. Suffix added to a verb (V), noun (N) or adjective (A) nounSuffixMeaningExamples-tion-sionaction/instance of V-ingalteration, demonstrationexpansion, inclusion, admission-erperson who V-ssomething used for V-ingadvertiser, drivercomputer, silencer-mentaction/instance of V-ingdevelopment, punishment, unemployment-ant-entperson who V-sassistant, consultantstudent-ageaction/result of Vbreakage, wastage, package-alaction/result of Vdenial, proposal, refusal, dismissal-ence-anceaction/result of Vpreference, dependence, interferenceattendance, acceptance, endurance-ery/-ryaction/instance of V-ingplace of V-ingbribery, robbery, miseryrefinery, bakerySuffixMeaningExamples-erperson concerned with Nastronomer, geographer-ismdoctrine of NMarxism, Maoism, Thatcherism-shipstate of being Nfriendship, citizenship, leadership-agecollection of Nbaggage, plumage SuffixMeaningExamples-itystate or quality of being Aability, similarity, responsibility, curiosity-nessstate or quality of being Adarkness, preparedness, consciousness-cystate or quality of being Aurgency, efficiency, frequencyWord Formation: Verbs 11In the second draft of this letter Marx says: the archaic formation of society reveals a number of different types which _ different and successive epochs. (character)2They _ other flowers within the same fig. (pollen)3Some more theologically articulate members of the provisional movement _ violence on traditional Roman catholic ethical grounds, the theory of the just war against the unjust oppressor. (just)4To _ all reckless killings as murder might be too broad, but the point remains that some reckless killings may be thought no less heinous than intentional killings. (class)5There remained a distinctive philosophy of liberalism which could _ the Liberals from other political parties. (differ)6To _ a rather complex historical phenomenon, it can be said that the present political division between Fianna Fail and Fine Gael originates in positions taken by opponents in that war. (simple)7It seems probable that some doctors carry out mercy killings by administering large doses of pain-killing drugs which _ life significantly, and the law may well protect them from liability. (short)8The only miracle left in the nuclear dream is that more people have not _ to the fact that nuclear power is economically - and increasingly, in that it takes much-needed funds away from renewables and efficiency - ethically, redundant. (wake)9Berkeleys ideas were _ early. (formula)10In a black leather notebook _ with a metal clasp, he wrote: Oswestry July 18th 1829. (fast)11Fredericks reforms, however, _ a major flaw in the progressive infatuation with scientific management. (example)12The society may be _ by such dealings, and experienced through them. (symbol)13This conversion of sound symbols in time to _ symbols in space was the greatest single step in the quest for permanence. (visual)Word Formation: Verbs 21Nevertheless, this peculiar combination had a long life and was destined to _ in the Middle Ages. (appear)2He became a porter, was _, often not paid at all, but did not complain. (pay)3A mans useless tuxedo could be _ into a womans smart town suit. (form)4There is nothing harmful or threatening in institutionalizing, and thereby recognizing, a relationship which some fear, many object to, and most still _. (understand)5Of themselves, of course, the rules are normative, and their validity is thus _ by issues of fact. (affect)6Eduardo Duhalde, Argentinas caretaker president, today said that he would _ the peso as he prepared to unveil a high-risk plan to end the countrys economic turmoil. (value)7The Maya priests discovered, however, that they had slightly _ the average synodic period of Venus. (estimate)8In essence, the systems involve diffusing chemicals that _ with one another. (act)9The concept of entities that appear for only an instant and then _ was used by Buddhists to prove that all is merely appearance. (appear)10In Garners case the formal elements often go unnoticed because they are _ and made almost invisible by the emotional power and urgency of the story. (merge)Word Formation: Nouns 11There he delegated elementary instruction to an _, while he took advanced students. (assist)2This was, of course, an open invitation to trivial forms of corruption and _ (bribe)3We can expect such systems to show varying degrees of _ to acclimatise. (able)4Hitlers popular standing was undiminished, and confidence in his _ among the great majority of the population remaoned unbroken. (leader)5We must remember that there may be important ways in which brains and existing _ work on different principles. (compute)6Croquis parisiens points up the _ of the context in which both writer and artist worked. (similar)7Any technical term used here, whether from _ or anthropology, is explained in the body of the text, and the index will enable the reader to refer back to these explanation. (Marx)8The best cure in such a case is an _ of the law by statute. (alter)9That cost is not difficult to justify where capital _ is the penalty for first-degree murder. (punish)10At all times of the year the periods of daylight and _ were each divided into twelve hours. (dark)Word Formations: Nouns 21Sections of the population have also combined their own popular nationalism and religion with aspects of the clerical interpretation already invested in the law, particularly in the _ movement of the early 1980s. (abortion)2So much detail is now accumulating on so wide a range of taxonomic groups that a _ can be erected for virtually every one of them. (theory)3Others, however, will develop a chronic and progressive _ of the liver that may lead to total liver failure. (function)4Early in the nineteenth century additional judges, called _, were appointed. (Chancellor) 5The audience at the Odeon theatre shouted down the play for its _, and conservative critics and the public found the dance-hall episode in particular to be repugnant in its poor taste. (realism)6We need to examine, therefore, whether procedures known to influence associative strength in orthodox conditioning will also influence the acquisition of _ during stimulus exposure. (attention)7Drugs which are rapidly inactivated have advantages, because the risk of _ is minimized and there are no cumulative effects. (dosage)8They release the parties from the duty of living together on grounds of cruelty or _. (conduct)Word Formation: Adjectives 11Naturalistic subjects interested Bernard, too, though they never became _ to his art as they did to Lautrecs. (centre)2Clearly, the difference between reckless driving and _ driving is one of degree. (care)3It seems plausible to suppose that unless a person enjoys _ power in a society he does not possess legitimate political authority over that society. (effect)4He not only uses _ images to achieve rhythm but, even more subtly, uses _ ideas for the same purpose. (repeat)5We talk of presumptions in three _ senses. (differ)6The integral involves two _ functions. (continue)7It is remarkable that a cell as overtly dull and _ as the fertilized egg can give rise to such varied and complex forms. (structure)8One can think of the differences of being handsome, _, or just ordinary, in terms of small differences in the growth programme for each region. (beauty)9The politician is _ to Parliament and the public. (account)10This is a book about _ freedom. (politics)Word Formation: Adjectives 21As running or walking any distance becomes _, it is avoided more and more. (comfortable)2_ resources that took aeons to constitute are squandered in an instant, according to the laws of supply and demand. (replaceable)3You will be faced here with a great temptation to set goals for fast weight loss that will prove difficult or _ for you to achieve. (possible)4Drugs which are rapidly inactivated have advantages, because the risk of overdosage is minimized and there are no cumulative effects. But they are also _, because frequent doses must be given to maintain a continuous effect. (convenient)5At the same time it was made _ for anyone who was not fully medically qualified and registered to treat these diseases. (legal)6Garner shows how the worker, who is forced to be _, then feels free in turn to cheat his employer. (honest)7You will probably be less able to cope with the pressures of life; the ability to cope and be relaxed does not come easily to