天目专业英语课外练习.doc

专业英语课外练习I Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)1. One hundred fifty-three students (58%) mentioned at least one plant, product or remedy they used; 105 students (39.8%) responded positively to the question about plants, products, remedies you know. More than 90% of the plants and preparations mentioned could be identified based on the popular names using dictionaries and the internet. Of course, a definite botanical identification was not possible. Most students mentioned single herbal remedies and mixed herbal remedies (e.g. mixture turmeric powder and honey; honey and milk). A large number of phytomedicines commonly used in Europe were mentioned. Two mineral remedies (sodium fluoride, glucosamine sulphate), complex mixtures and remedies with an explicit complementary use (e.g. Bach flower: rescue remedy) were also reported.Many plants and preparations from the studentscultural background were mentioned in interviews. Chinese students mentioned plants such as Huang Qi (Astragalus sp.) used as a tonic or Niu Huang Jie Du Pian, a preparation containing five ingredients: e.g. Angelicae radix and Rhei rhizomae used for constipation. Commonly known among Indian students were medicinal preparations containing ginger (9 records) and turmeric (10 records) for colds, coughs and bacterial infections and Chyawanprash, a type of jam consisting of 37 different plants or plant extracts and used as a daily health supplement. Apart from medicine from their cultural backgrounds further types of CAM used by the interviewees were aromatherapy and Western herbalism. The use of essential oils has a place in all of the interviewees cultures (Chinese, Indian, African) and is a major component of all traditional healing principles.Psychological problems were the group of illnesses most frequently mentioned, other important groups of remedies include ones for cold and flu, for gastrointestinal disorders and skin problems.(1) of students mentioned at least one plant, product or remedy they used. a. 58% b. 90% c. 39.8% d. 65%(2) A large number of phytomedicines commonly used in were mentioned in the interview. a. America b. Africa c. Europe d. India(3) The use of has a place in all of the interviewees cultures (Chinese, Indian, African) and is a major component of all traditional healing principles. a. ginger b. Huang Qi c. turmeric d. essential oils(4) were the group of illnesses most frequently mentioned by the students. a. Skin problems b. Psychological problems c. Cold and flu d. Gastrointestinal disorders(5) Niu Huang Jie Du Pian is commonly used for by Chinese. a. an adaptogen b. a tonic c. constipation d. arthritis2. Authentication/QC centers can indirectly encourage the TCM industry to source their supplies from cultivated plants rather than wild ones. This would encourage cultivation and in turn help remove collecting pressures on wild populations. Demand worldwide is increasing for herbal medicines that can demonstrate consistency in respect of herbal identity, purity and chemical quality. Regulatory mechanisms and standards already in place or under development which are beginning to embrace this issue include: Good Agricultural Practice, Good Manufacturing Practice, the draft EU Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products, together with the Chinese government s own nationwide Modernization of TCM Program. By undertaking identity, purity and where possible, quality checks, authentication/QC centers indirectly can fuel the demand by industry for plant material of cultivated origin where such variables can more easily be controlled. The case against wild plants in respect of producing material of consistent quality is that wild collecting is always vulnerable to accidental collection of look-alike species and other herbal contaminants. In addition, by their very nature wild plants are highly variable chemically due to the range of environmental conditions under which they grow. Defining, however, what exactly constitutes good chemical quality in respect of Chinese medicinal plants is still, however, a debatable issue for many species and further research is urgently needed.As technical competence in assessing identity, purity and quality develops, so will the ratio of cultivated to wild grown material increase since this is likely to be the easiest route for the industry to comply with increasingly rigorous quality standards. With more than 50% of Chinese species still wild harvested, the conservation benefits could be considerable. It should not be forgotten, however, that at least part of the shift from wild to cultivated plants will also be driven by the growing pressure of supply and demand. Demand for cultivated material will however, not entirely halt wild collecting since local demand often prefers material of wild origin, in the belief that it is more potent than cultivated material. Such attitudes are likely to continue unabated unless additional collecting controls and education are introduced. Examples of such exploitation, despite the availability of cultivated material, include Gastrodia elata (Tian Ma) from parts of Sichuan province and Panax ginseng from Jilin province. Overall, with assurances of identity and purity more easily supplied from cultivated as opposed to wild plants, the Chinese herbal medicine industry would do well to source its herbs from cultivated stocks in future. Only then can it be confident of complying with increasingly strict regulations emerging on the world market. (6)“Modernization of TCM Program”was proposed by . a. EU Directive b. CMPAC c. the Chinese government d. WHO(7) Producing material of consistent quality is .a. more easily controlled for wild medicinal plantsb. more easily controlled for cultivated medicinal plantsc. equally easy controlled for both wild and cultivated medicinal plantsd. equally difficult controlled for both wild and cultivated medicinal plants(8) Why the increasing demand for cultivated material will not entirely stop wild collecting?a. Because local people believe that wild materials are more “potent” than cultivated ones.b. Because the cultivated materials are poor in quality.c. Because the cultivated materials are not available to the local people.d. The reason is not mentioned in the text.(9) makes them highly variable in chemical constitutes according to the text.a. The method people use to collect wild plantsb. The way people store the wild plantsc. The mixture of look-alike speciesd. The wide range of environmental conditions under which wild plants grow(10) The causes for the shift from wild to cultivated plants include .a. high consistent quality requirements for the Chinese herbal medicine industryb. growing pressure of supply and demandc. the population declining of wild speciesd. all of the above3. Forty-three percent (113 students) of the students reported using CAM during the last 12 months; 16.3% had used CAM during the last week (43 students), 19.7% (52 students) during the last month and 32.6% (86 students) during the last year. There was no significant difference in the use between female and male students.The types of complementary and alternative medicine most frequently used (listing more than one use was possible) were Aromatherapy (26.8%), Traditional Chinese Medicine (25%), Western medical herbalism (25%), Ayurvedic medicine (19.6%), homeopathy (14.3%) and acupuncture (10.7%). Other therapies such as chiropractic, reflexology, Bach flowers, acupressure were used less than 5%. Ayurvedic medicine was reported to be used exclusively in its cultures of origin, i.e. by Indian (90.9%) and Pakistani students (9.1%) whereas Traditional Chinese Medicine, was used among all ethnic groups in the survey. Seventy percent of all Chinese students used Traditional Chinese Medicine.The percentage of Indian students using Ayurvedic medicine was much lower (40.8%). The only group regarding CAM as a strong part of their tradition was the group of Chinese students. For students from a White background CAM was not at all a part of their tradition. This trend was not significant because of the small number of White students.In quantitative terms Indian and Pakistani students speaking Gujarati and Hindi tended to use more CAM, especially Ayurvedic medicine than students speaking Punjabi or Urdu. Although the Indian and Pakistani groups represent a large number of students, the student number in the different categories is too small to allow a statistically significant differentiation. No difference was observed in the use of CAM between students who consider English or another language as their mother tongue.（11） was the most common used type of CAM in the survey.a. Ayurvedic medicine b. Aromatherapy c. acupuncture d. homeopathy (12) of all Chinese students used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). a. 40.8% b. 9.1% c. 90.9% d. 70%(13) CAM was not at all a part of students tradition. a. African b. Arabic c. White d. Indian(14) of the students reported using CAM during the last 12 months. a. 43% b. 19.7% c. 32.6% d. 16.3%(15) The only group regarding CAM as a strong part of their tradition was the group of students.a. Indian b. Chinese c. Pakistani d. African4. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, has been a life-threatening disease for thousands of years. After the failure of international attempts to eradicate malaria in the 1950s, the disease rebounded, largely due to the emergence of parasites resistant to the existing antimalarial drugs of the time, such as chloroquine. This created an urgent need for new antimalarial medicines. In 1967, a national project against malaria was set up in China under the leadership of the Project 523 office. Tu Youyous group started working on the extraction and isolation of constituents with possible antimalarial activities from Chinese herbal materials.During the first stage of their work, they investigated more than 2,000 Chinese herb preparations and identified 640 hits that had possible antimalarial activities. More than 380 extracts obtained from 200 Chinese herbs were evaluated against a mouse model of malaria. However, progress was not smooth, and no significant results emerged easily.The turning point came when an Artemisia annua L. extract showed a promising degree of inhibition against parasite growth. However, this observation was not reproducible in subsequent experiments and appeared to be contradictory to what was recorded in the literature.Seeking an explanation, they carried out an intensive review of the literature. The only reference relevant to use of qinghao (the Chinese name of Artemisia annua L.) for alleviating malaria symptoms appeared in Ge Hongs A Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies: “A handful of qinghao immersed with 2 liters of water, wring out the juice and drink it all”. This sentence gave Tu Youyou the idea that the heating involved in the conventional extraction step they had used might have destroyed the active components, and that extraction at a lower temperature might be necessary to preserve antimalarial activity. Indeed, they obtained much better activity after switching to a lower temperature procedure.They subsequently separated the extract into its acidic and neutral portions and, at long last, on 4 October 1971, we obtained a nontoxic, neutral extract that was 100% effective against parasitemia in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and in monkeys infected with Plasmodium cynomolgi. This finding represented the breakthrough in the discovery of artemisinin. The structure of artemisinin was first published in 1977.（16）Artemisinin is used for the treatment of . a. malaria b. high blood pressure c. arthritis d. cough（17） According to the text, a national project against malaria was set up in China in the year of . a. 1971 b. 1967 c. 1950 d. 1977（18）During the first stage of their research work, more than Chinese herbal extracts were evaluated against a mouse model of malaria. a. 2000 b. 200 c. 380 d. 640（19）The most important reference book for the artemisinin extraction is . a. “Compendium of Materia Medica” b.” Collected Taoist Scriptures” c. Shen Nongs Herbal Classic d. “A Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies”（20）The reason might destroy the active components in the artemisinin extraction was . a. pH value b. liquid volume c. extraction time d. heating5. Each fall, billions of green leaves explode into a mosaic of reds, yellows and browns. This transformation reflects a number of complex chemical processes. The autumnal color changes result from a breakdown of chlorophyll, the green substance in leaves. The breakdown of chlorophyll occurs when the proteins to which chlorophyll molecules are attached break down into amino acids. When the protein breaks down into amino acids, the chlorophyll disintegrates, thereby losing its green color. The amino acids resulting from the breakup of the proteins are transported through tiny “sieve tubes” into the stems and roots, where their nitrogen is conserved for use in the next season.Healthy chlorophyll absorbs light of colors other than green, which reflected. Hence leaves appear green. Once the chlorophyll breaks down, however, the intrinsic yellow or brown color of the remaining leaf tissue appears. Even in summer months there is a partial breakdown of chlorophyll as it performs its photosynthetic role in sunlight, but it is restored during the night. Consequently, leaves are imperceptibly greener in the morning than at sundown.Not withstanding their understanding of the process, botanists have not yet discovered what event or factor or cause initiates the color changes in autumn leaves. Cool weather, desiccation, long nights, and some inborn timer are all speculations.(21) The passage is mainly concerned with describing_.a. the process of photosynthesis b. how leaves change colorsc. the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis d. gaseous nitrates in our atmosphere(22) According to the passage, the proteins in leaves decompose and become_. a. amino acids b. chlorophyll c. sieve tubes d. botanists(23) It can be inferred that proteins help maintain the green color of a leaf by _. a. producing new growth b. holding chlorophyll molecules c. breaking up into amino acids d. gathering nitrogen from the air(24) According to the passage, the color of leaf tissue itself is_.a. green b. red c. yellow or brown d. primarily transparent(25) According to the passage, photosynthesis_. a. involves chlorophyll b. occurs only at nightc. causes leaves to change colors in autumnd. might be caused by cool weather or long nightsIIWrite the full names of the following abbreviations. （写出下列英文缩写的全称）1. TCM .2. CAM 3. HPLC 5. GAP 6. WHO 7. GMP IIITranslate the following paragraphs into Chinese. (英译汉) 1. It is estimated that 70-80% of people worldwide rely chiefly on herbal medicine to meet their primary healthcare needs. The global demand for herbal medicine is not only large, but growing. This is related, in part, to the increasing human population, but also often cultural preference. In developing countries, it is also because of the frequently inadequate provision of Western medicine. Herbal medicine is becoming ever more fashionable in richer countries, a market sector which has grown at 10-20% annually in Europe and North America over recent years.2. Secondary metabolites are compounds biosynthetically derived from primary metabolites but more limited in distribution in the plant kingdom, being restricted to a particular taxonomic group. They are frequently accumulated by plants in smaller quantities than are primary metabolites. In addition, secondary metabolites tend to be synthesized in specialized cell types and at distinct developmental stages, making their extraction and purification difficult. As a result, secondary metabolites that are used commercially as biologically active compounds are generally higher value-lower volume products than the primary metabolites. 3. The Araliaceae family is subdivided into seventy genera with 800 species plants that include parsnips, celery and carrots, one of which is Panax or the ginseng family. Ginseng family is usually characterized by small flowers in umbels or other types of clusters, with 5 petals and 5 stamens. The sepals are small if not absent altogether. The slightly fleshy fruit develops below where the petals are attached. The family consists of 12 species with 10 from eastern Asia and 2 from eastern North America. Panax is one of the most medicinally important genera in the Orient, where almost every species of the genus has been used as a source of medicine.4. In the wild, the ginseng plant beg