GMAT 语法总结.doc

1 在我们通常使用的there be句型中,以下几种表达必错。1) there could be done sth. 2) there be sth. done 3) there being +名词词组 4) there be sth.(抽象性动作名词),如there was a transmission的表达不对。一般来说GMAT中,there be仅用于“某处有某物”,而此物是一具体名词,如wolf, stone, star,而不是指一抽象名词:如conversion, relation等。2 在表示某人有某种能力做某事的意思,最佳答案的选择依据是,can dobe able to dohas ability to dohas a capability to do.,有can do就不用含有be able to do的选项,在选项中不含有can do时,再找有be able to do的选项,依次类推。此条有待认定3 在从句中,以下连接词或引导词值得特别注意 1)which(或代词it)绝不能指代前面整个句子 2)because不可引导名词性从句 3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略 绝大多数情况成立 4)if不可以引导名词性从句,如要表示“是否”,只能用whether引导 5)对不作为介词宾语的事物做限定修饰,只用that而不用which。而which仅用于引导对介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句4 在require, demand等表“建议,命令”意义的词之后的that从句,要求用虚拟语气动词,即动词原形,不加should 参考二，句子结构 第4条5 绝不可以单独使用this, these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词,而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词,或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子结构来避免这样非正式而且模糊的指代。如sth of this kind, like this/these等模糊表达均要用such + n (n即重复this, these所指代的对象)来取代,意为“这些.”。另外,在“such.that.”结构中,such只修饰具体名词,而不修饰抽象名词(如rapidity, severity)6 绝对不可以单独使用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词,而一般是用that of + n.结构指代或换用其他表达方式。如 I just borrowed a book from library yesterday, but now I cannot find it.此句中it=a book,但此处绝不可以用that来替换。并且在标准书面语中,that永远不能单独充当主语7 当我们需要举例时,一律用such as结构,而不用like, like只能表示比较。8 主动优先原则9 在GMAT中关于being的以下使用必然错:1) being + n. 2) being + adj. 3) as being + n./adj./v-ing,因为在以上表达中being属于多余。ones being done 也错10 当我们对一动宾结构进行替换时,do + 代词(it/this/that/these/those等)在标准书面语中永远错,一律用do so11 介词短语:on account of, because of, despite (in despite of), as a result of之后只跟简单的名词短语。若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sbs doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时,应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引导的从句形式。12 几种简洁的表达方式: 1)n.that is (are) adj. 必然要换为adj.+ n.的名词短语结构,如:a man who is poor的选项必错,而应选含有a poor man的选项 2)当表示谓语部分,尤其时表示实义动词的含义时,就直接用其动词形式表示,而不要用名词形式或形容词形式表示,如:be a cause一定会被cause(动词)替代;be suggestive of就一定会被suggest所替代 3)一些常见词的替换方式:not any一定会被no替代; that which一定会被what替代; having been done会被done(做限定词)所替代 whether or not被 whether替代13 平行结构的最后一个成分之前必定有一个连词and, or, neither, nor或as well as,否则此并列结构必然存在问题。如:to do A, do B, do C的表达就必然错误14 选项中有rather than的一定优于含有instead of的选项15 若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中出现情态动词,那么在最后的正确答案中必须有此情态动词或类似语气的词出现。实战中,此原则可以转化为:不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项,立即排除。情态动词也不可随意添加,原句中没有情态动词,选项中有也为错误选项。一， 句子结构1 主语从句只能使用陈述语序 ex: what I did was what did I do was错2 习惯搭配:it may well (很可能)be that3 宾语从句的时态可以与主句谓语动词不一致。表示客观存在科学事实统计数据研究结论商业惯例等常用一般现在时。4 表示建议命令要求的动词的宾语从句,使用动词原形表示虚拟语气(美国标准书面语中必须省略动词原形前的should) 1)表建议:advocate/advise/move(提出议案:按国会的程序作出正式提议)/recommend thatdo; sb. suggest/propose thatdo 2)表命令:order/decree/mandate/command/demand thatdo 3)表要求:request/require/insist thatdo; sth. require of sb. thatdo下列动词后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气:allow that; allow在此意为承认 sth. propose that.; sth. suggest that 注意同sb. suggest/propose thatdo对比5 介词后一般只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句,不可以接that引导的宾语从句。 ex. to which I look, from where I got 但有三个例外:but that, except that (=but that), in that (=because) 属于约定俗成的表达方式。6 若宾语从句后跟有补语,通常用形式宾语it来代替:.make it clear that7 if any:作插入成分,强调名词短语,意为“如果说有的话”8 独立主格结构 1)独立主格结构放在句首或句尾,起状语作用,表伴随原因条件状态等。 2)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系,形式为: n+ n.; n. + -ed/ing形式; n. + 介词短语;n. +形容词短语 3)with型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为: with + n. + -ed/ing形式; with + n. + adj.; with + n. + 介词短语 作状语修饰前一个分句的动作类型词 例:Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline. with引导的独立主格作状语就近修饰sleeping。 4)each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为: 句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式。 例:Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame. 独立主格形式 n + n 与主句形成松散逻辑关系9 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略。例如:Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor was demonstrated and its superiority to the horse proved, . (proved前省略了was)注意:be able/unable to是be动词短语,在这个短语中be动词不是助动词,不能省略！例:A president entering the final two years of a second term is likely to be at a sever disadvantage and is often unable to carry out a legislative program.10 believe的习惯搭配:believe + that从句;believe sth. to be; believe sth 错误用法:believe sth. sth.; believe sth. that.11 动作的目的关系用to do表示,用for doing表达 错12 动词的并列必须用连词连接 白勇 P16 713 not.but rather.比not.but.语气强14 分号可以连接两个完整的主谓结构:like many others., Mr. K lived in.(句子1);born into.and instructed in., he also received.(句子2)15 习惯用法:permit sb.to do sth.16 习惯用法:phenomenon的定语从句的关联词只能使用in which17 习惯用法:access to do access for sb.错18 习惯用法:take turns doing19 hopefully在口语种表达两个意思,1 充满希望的 2 人们希望的 在书面语中为保证意思的单一性,一般不使用hopefully 20 hope在书面语中的用法,it is hoped that.,it 作为形式主语指代后面的that从句;it is hoped作为插入语,前后用逗号隔开。Jack, it is hoped, will come on time.21 such.that.; such后面必须加名词才能跟that搭配 OG 10th 2022 习惯用法:except that + 主谓结构 except that can be broken 缺乏主语23 习惯用法:举例子for instance/for example; such as + n./doing.; whether it is A or B or C24 also是副词,不能连接两个介词短语,也不能起连词的作用 OG 10th 42 B,E选项25 现在分词强调正在进行、强调动作,过去分词强调已经完成、强调状态26 习惯用法:表达“关于.”倾向与用介词about/over,而不用concerning, with respect to27 同位语从句连词that和宾语从句连词that不能省略28 习惯用法:be responsible for sth.; be responsible for doing sth.; be responsible to sb. be responsible to do 错29 习惯用法:one.another; each.the other; each other; some.others30 代词it不能指代:介词短语(it would not be necessary for further rate increase);前面整个句子。it可以向后指代:主语从句(it is exciting that I .);不定式短语(it is difficult to do.)31 习惯用法:sth(物) propose + that从句(that从句不使用虚拟语气);sb.(人)propose + that 从句(从句必须使用动词原形表示虚拟语气);propose sb. to do (不能使用被动语态)32 用词倾向性:无生命的所有格倾向于of sth. 而不倾向于用 sths 例:the terrain of the mountain而不使用 mountains terrain33 用词倾向性:标准书面语中,倾向于用情态动词或probably表示可能,而不倾向于使用maybe或perhaps 三者倾向性probablyperhapsmaybe34 doubt用肯定形式,可以由whether或that引导宾语从句,如I doubt whether we can success.; doubt用否定形式只能由that引导宾语从句,如 I have no doubt that the policy is due to failure.35 宾语从句用陈述语序 如the study commissioned by J asks why litigants have .;The study commissioned by J asks why do litigants have.错 同项目1对比36 两者之间用between.and.,三者或三者以上之间用among37 当主语和谓语之间没有任何插入语时,主谓语之间不能用逗号隔开。如architects and stonemasons, were the Maya.错38 习惯用法:动词sell可以用主动的形式表示被动的含义,如sth.sell well表示什么东西卖得好。但当表示什么东西卖多少钱时必须使用被动语态:sth.be sold for.39 介词with后面不能跟完整主谓结构 如 The capital of B, with population was 5660040 逻辑意思中应该是“动作的目的”而不应该是“状态的目的” OG 10th 39 E选项41 习惯搭配:target at 而不用target to42 并列句主语相同,应该省略重复的主语 OG 10th 135 选项A43 两个句子并列,主语和系动词结构相同,第二个句子的主语和系动词必须省略 about whether obesity is a biological disorder posing serious health risks or (it is)a condition more related to appearance than to health.44 省略结构一定要能还原:indicate there is one when it is not中,状语从句when it is not省略的表语无法还原,也就是说状语从句不能按语法承接there is one省略。正确说法indicate that it is present when it is not或 indicate there is one when there is not.45 习惯用法:标准书面语中consider后面常省略to be和as,正确用法为:consider sth. sth.; consider sth. adj. 例:consider correction facilities an integral part of the criminal justice 46 blame.on.把.归咎于三,主谓一致1 there be A and B 句型中,由靠近be动词的A决定be动词的数的形式2 在全倒装结构中,谓语动词的数的形式由谓语动词后的主语的形式决定。如:out of sth. grows a market for.(由a market决定谓语动词)3 复数名词 + each + verb,谓语动词用复数4 each of 复数名词 + verb,谓语动词用单数5 学科名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。但是,统计学(statistics)作“统计数据讲”,经济学(economics)作“经济政策”讲时,谓语动词用复数。6 在“A,举例短语(such as.)/分词短语/介词短语/同位语/不定式等插入成分,谓语动词”结构中,A决定谓语动词的形式7 a body of/a collection of/an array of/a series of/a set of/a portion of/a group of + 复数名词,谓语动词用单数。body:团体,群体 a body of troops:一支军队8 the average of + 复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数;an average of + 复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。9 neither/either作主语时,谓语动词用单数10 one in/out of + 复数名词(意为.分之一)作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。two/three.in/out of + 复数名词,谓语动词用复数。11 习惯用法:make sth. sth.; make sth. adj.; make it + adj. to do.;make sth as sth错as多余12 在英语中有三个类似的词表示转折含义:while, whereas, where。三者的区别为:where只能放在句首作状语表示转折含义(where., + 主句),不能放在主句后的从句前面,因为where可能作定语,从而使修饰对象产生混淆;13 现在分词的完成时态不能作定语修饰名词 如 foods having been proved to.错误14 习惯用法:美国英语中,estimate at后常用价格等数量词,除此以外的概念优先用estimate to15 an amount of/a sum of/quantity of修饰不可数名词,谓语用单数形式 amounts of/sums of/quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词,谓语用复数形式16 everything(-one,-body),anything(-one,-body)和something(-one,-body)作主语时,谓语用单数。17 be able to do中to do不使用被动语态18 在标准书面语中,应优先使用动词去替换:be + 动词的形容词形式;be + 动词的名词形式;have + 动词的名词形式19 习惯用法:descend(v) from.; a descendant(n) of. a descendant from错20 as的特殊用法:as代替前面主句时,后面加上介词短语或者when从句 例:Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial, as when the three major networks each broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.21 such as后面不能接句子,只能加名词或名词短语的省略形式或-ing形式,表示举例。并且such as后面不能加代词22 关系代词充当介词宾语时,应将介词提前,构成介词 + which型定语从句。例 the collateral against which farmers borrow 而 the collateral which farmers borrow against错23 对比对象中出现的重复名词用that或those代替,而不使用代词it24 介词 + ones doing(in their performing)错,介词后必须直接加doing或名词短语without doing 对 without ones doing 错25 compare x1 to x2意为把x1比作x2;x1,x2是不同类事物,强调相似性;compare x1 with x2,意为把x1同x2对比;x1,x2是同类事物,强调差异性26 习惯用法:capability of doing/capability to do而capability for doing错ability/inability to do; ability/inability of sb to do而ability for doing; ability for sb to do永远错27 习惯用法:sth.lead sb. to do; lead to 不用被动语态28 同位语的单复数可以与其解释的对象不一致 In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls to the ground. 其中the most nutritious parts of the plants是复数概念,它作为名词性同位语解释说明前面的单数名词material。29 一些外来词的复数形式:(1) 以-is结尾的词变复数时-is改为-es: analysis-analyses, crisis-crises(2) 以-um结尾的词变复数时-um改为-a: bacterium-bacteria, datum-data(3) 以-on结尾的词变复数时-on改为-a: criterion-criteria(4) 以-us结尾的词变复数时-us改为-i: nucleus-nuclei, stimulus-stimuli(5) 以-a结尾的词变复数时-a改为-ae: lava-lavae?, formula-formulae(6) 以-ex/-ix结尾的词变复数时-ex/-ix改为-ices: index-indices四,动词形式1 在有充分的逻辑理由或时间线索的情况下,不同时态的动词可以并列。2 主句的谓语动词为过去时,从句的谓语动词用过去的某种时态。结合 二,句子结构 第三条使用3 现在完成时: 1)根据时间标志判定使用现在完成时:since; within/during/over/in + the past/last/recent + 时间短语 2)现在完成时强调“迄今为止”(到说话者说该句话为止)4 条件从句、时间从句、方式从句、让步从句不能用一般将来时或过去将来时,常用一般现在时替代一般将来时,一般过去时替代过去将来时。例 I wont go unless it doesnt rain. 而 I wont go unless it wont rain 错5 标准书面语中优先使用一般将来时,如要使用主观将来时常用be supposed to do表达,较少使用be going to do,不使用be to be doing、be to be done6 主动形式表示被动含义:read like.;read well; prove helpful; sell well(但sth.be sold for + 价格) 7 虚拟语气 1)表示与现在的事实相反:从句的谓语动词用过去时(be一律用were),主句用should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might + 动词原形 例:They assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria would be always insecure 2)表示与过去的事实相反:从句的谓语动词用had + 过去分词,主句用should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might + have + 过去分词 3)表示与将来的事实相反:从句的谓语动词用should + 动词原形,主句用should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might + 动词原形8 当使用情态动词导致前后语义重复时,情态动词必须省略。例如:the possibility that.might do.9 GMAT考试中,表示数量增加到两倍,倾向使用twice as many/much as; sth. double sth.; twice the + n; twice + what从句,这样的表示方法,而不使用two times more.10 allow to do, allow表示允许;allow + that从句,allow表示承认,that从句不使用虚拟语气。11 习惯用法:be alleged to; be alleged as doing的表达错12 习惯用法:enough to, so/such.that., so/such.as to三者都表示结果,区别在于:enough to表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用;so/such.that不用考虑逻辑主语问题;so/such.as to逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行as to后面动词所表达的作用。13 习惯用法:be necessary to do.; be necessary for doing, be necessary in doing都错14 习惯用法:土生土长于某地:be native to. be native in, be native of都错15 条件从句使用一般现在时,主句必须使用一般现在时或者一般将来时。16 条件从句和when时间状语从句不能使用将来时态。17 习惯用法:no less than;而none the less.than, no less.as错18 如果没有合理的,明显的特征,主从句时态要一致。19 助动词is不能承接谓语动词is进行省略 例:Nature gas is the biggest fuel source and is supplied almost exclusively from reserves in North America. is supplied中的is 不能省略20 习惯用法:think of sth. as. 而think of.to be.,think of.being.错21 习惯用法:require sb. to do; require + that从句(从句必须使用虚拟语气); require of sb. that从句(从句必须使用虚拟语气) 而require of sb to do, require sb. that不符合习惯搭配22 定语从句作定语和-ing分词短语作定语的区别:-ing分词短语作定语:强调动作的多次性、重复性和客观性,无明确的时间概念;定语从句作定语:强调动作的一次性,强调具体时间、具体行为23 习惯用法:prohibit sb from doing而prohibit sb to do和prohibit + that从句永远错 参考 prevent sb from doing; preclude sb from doing24 习惯用法:GMAT考试中经常出现将相等比较as.as和more.than.形式比较合并在一起写的错误或者故意复杂化的表示方法;正确表达应该是:as least as great as或者as great as or greater than25 标准书面语中whether or not表达不简洁,or not多余,必须省略26 用词倾向性:英语表达中,能够用形容词,副词形式就不能使用of + 抽象名词短语形式 例: Roy led the nation through decades of change so profound that.而 Roy led the nation through decades of change of such profundity that.错27 even less和much less都表示“更不用说”,常用于否定结构之后,起强调作用,前后对应的词的形式必须保持一致,如cannot do 1, much less do 228 习惯用法:sth. be grounds for doing. 意为:sth.是做.的理由,其中ground作为名词表示理由,原因(尤用于复数)29 习惯用法:mandate sb to do; mandate that从句(从句使用虚拟语气);allow sb to do; order sb. to do 好像大部分命令建议动词都是 v + sb to do或 v + that从句;而 v + sb + that(从句)都是错的 v + sb. should do等等也是错的30 习惯用法:without any permission中 any 多余,应该去掉31不定式的完成时表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前,其构成是:to have done五,分词和不定式1 分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语2 ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词3 ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转换为定语从句,即 n + having done./having been done必须改为 n + that.4 有情态动词的定语从句不能转化为分词短语5 不定式作宾语以下动词后面加不定式(短语)作宾语,不定式的动作往往与谓语动词的动作同时发生:afford; agree; appear/seem; arrange; choose; claim; come(逐渐); elect; endeavor; expect; fail; promise; refuse; seek; select; threaten; venture; offer; prefer to do6 不定式(短语)作宾语补语动词(advise, allow, cause, compel, enable, invite, inspire, convince, expect, lead, require, use, order)+ 名词短语 + 不定式7 不定式作定语名词前有last, next, 序数词或者形容词最高级别作定语时,名词后面的定语必须用不定式8 习惯用法:substitute A for B 用A 代替B 9 逻辑主语的判断:介词+ -ing分词在句首,逻辑主语等于主句的主语;在句尾,逻辑主语可能等于主语的主语,也可能等于所修饰的动词的逻辑主语。 例 Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund intended to sustain the states economy after exhausting its oil reserves. after exhausting sth.在句尾作状语就近修饰动词sustain,逻辑主语等于sustain的逻辑主语 fund。the fund exhausts its oil reserves逻辑意思不合理10 习惯用法:such as + 代词,错;正确使用:such as + n/doing11 习惯用法:credit sb with sth; sth be credit with/to(介词) 相信.具有.12 习惯用法:invest some money in sth; 而invest some money into sth 错13 名词的省略 such as后面加名词短语或名词短语的省略形式或-ing形式,如:Researchers have questioned the use of costly and experimental diagnostic tests to identify food allergies, such as to milk, that supposedly disrupt normal behavior.such as (an allergy) to milk 省略了 an allergy14 习惯用法:all sb. have to do is (to) do.and do.; 一般省略to15 习惯用法:persuade sb. to do; 而persuade that.错16 习惯用法:encourage sb. to do; encourage sth.;而 encourage doing, encourage to be done错六,平行结构1 宾语从句并列,连词that不能省略:verb + that., that. and that.2 不同功能的定语从句不能并列,因为关系词在定语从句中充当不同的成分。如:n. + where. and in which.不能并列,n. + where. and who不能并列,但是n. + who. and whose.可以并列3 one of + 复数名词 + that从句,that从句修饰复数名词;the only one of/the one of + 复数名词 + that从句,that从句修饰单数名词the only one/the one4 aid作为名词,aid in doing sth./aid to doing sth. (to作为介词);aid作为及物动词,aid sb; aid 作为不及物动词,aid in doing sth. 例:Thanks the goddesss aid in healing physical and mental ills.5 当A属于B的一种时,必须用other把它自身排除在从属范围之外才能表达两者间的对比关系 例:apple and other fruits6 习惯用法:cause sb.to do.; cause doing永远错7 习惯用法:seek support from sb.; seek support of错8 省略原则:A collection of 30 poem by PW, a slave, was (a collection是主语 此处用单数)published in the 1770s, the first book by a Black woman and only the second published by an American woman.其中the second后面不能加名词(book)或代词(one),因为the second是承接前面的相同名词(the first book)的省略9 to do并列句的省略 to do A and (to) do B, 例:allow sb.to do X1 rather than (to) be done10 平行结构要求概念对等 continents是名称名词,与动作性名词不属于同一类概念,不能构成平行结构。例:.caused reversals in earths magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, continents split apart 80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions其他:pollution和incinerator概念不对等;assignments和staff概念不对等.11 当一个动词没有动作性名词形式时,通常用the + -ing形式来代替: the splitting apart of代替动词split apart的名词形式,与reversals, onset和eruptions形式对称,概念对等七,比较结构1 替代原则:比较从句中与比较对象重复的名词尽可能用that或those代替。具体地说,在前面已出现的不可数名词或单数名词,用that代替;在前面已出现的复数名词用those代替2 种属原则:当一个事物与它所属的种类比较时,必须用any other把它自身排除在从属范围之外3 比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同,可以省略be,也可以不省略。例:The issue discussed is more complicated than another one (is)4 比较从句与主句时态一致,即两比较对象的动作发生的时间相同或同一事物的不同动作发生的时间相同。例如:I eat more than he does. Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.5 比较从句与主句时态不一致,即两比较对象的动作时相同的,但其发生的时间却不一致,或同一事物的相同动作发生的时间不同,than或as从句中补出的助动词的时态由时间状语和句子意思决定。如I eat more food than he did last year.6 倍数的表达 1)twice as many.as; twice as much.as; twice + the + n.; twice + what从句 2)用动词表达数 double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, 可用主动语态,也可以用被动语态,但不能和as搭配 3).times(或数字) + as + 形容词或副词 + as. 4) sb. be + 百分数 + more likely to do sth. than (to) do sth7 比较结构中的习惯用法: 1)more because. than because.更多地因为.,而不是因为. 2)not. so much A as B 与其说A倒不如说B 3)B no less.than A,B与A一样. ;no less than多达,正如 4)B no more.than A,B与A同样不.;no more than 最多,不超过 5)在“verb + more/less of + n.”结构中,more/less of修饰前面的动词。例如:I will see less of you in the future. 6)like + n.表比较,强调同一类事物在某方面具有相似性;as + 句子表比较,as从句强调动作的相似性。 7)标准书面语中,like后只加名词表比较,不能加句子8 习惯用法:model A after B 用B来塑造A 9 习惯用法:in contrast with/to; 而as contrast with错10 简洁用法:定语从句中的at one time有多种含义,常用于口语中,应改为once; once不但表达简洁,而且意思单一。 .who might once have died in childhood; who might at one time have died in childhood 错11 It is as difficult to prevent crimes against property as it is to prevent those against a person. 其中it是形式主语,指代后面的不定式短语to prevent.,该短语应与第二个as后的对应部分比较。 变换句子容易看出To prevent crimes against property is as difficult as to prevent.12 习惯用法:one advantage of A over B, A相对于B的优势13 习惯用法:like + n.放在句尾不符合习惯用法;as + n不表示比较 According to a recent poll, owing and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations 错; as that for earlier generations 错; as it was for earlier generations 对14 as old as