语法试讲.doc

三、完成时 完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。 A现在完成时 1现在完成时的构成 现在完成时的构成形式是“have / has +过去分词”。现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。 Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。 I havent seen much of her lately. 我最近不常见到她。 How long have they been married? 他们结婚多长时间了？2现在完成时的用法 表示结果的现在完成时 现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。 I have bought a pen. 我买了一支笔。（结果：I have a pen now.） The temperature has increased by 10. 温度上升了10摄氏度。（结果：It is quite hot now.） Air pollution has taken the lives of many people. 空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。（结果：Air pollution is very serious now.） 注意： 现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。 【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的have lost有矛盾） 【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now. 我（过去）买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。 【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost强调你现在已经没有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突） 【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now. 我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。 表示经历的现在完成时 强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。 Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你去过长城吗？ I have visited Beijing at least ten times. 北京我至少访问过十次了。 She has never spent a holiday at the seaside. 她从未到海滨度过假。 表示延续的现在完成时 这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。 Hes loved fishing for a long time. 他爱好钓鱼为时已久。（他现在仍爱好钓鱼） I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在这儿住了三十多年了。（也许还会继续住下去） 注意： 现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态动词（主要是持续动词），也可用于状态动词，但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定结构。 I havent seen a film for weeks. 我已经好几个星期没看电影了。 She hasnt written to me since September. 自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。 3现在完成时的时间状语 与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语 现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时间内，和它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。 a.不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等 Ive seen the film before. 我以前看过这部电影。 Have you been there lately? 近来你去过那里吗? b.频度时间状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等 We have never heard of that. 我们从未听说过这事。 He has sometimes played tennis. 他有时打网球。 Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. 大本钟很少出差错。 c.包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等 I have just finished the letter now. 我现在刚写完信。 You have just missed the bus. 你刚好错过公共汽车。 Has he done much work today? 他今天做了很多工作吗？ 比较：already和yet用法上的区别 already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。 She has already gone. 她早就走了。 Have you eaten your dinner already? 你已经吃过饭了? He has not come yet. 他还没有来。 与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语 与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。 a. since +具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始 Since then, he has developed another bad habit. 自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。 He hasnt been home since he graduated. 他毕业后就没回过家。 b. for +一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久 We have worked here for ages. 我们在这里工作很久了。 There has been no rain here for nearly two months. 这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。 c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment 到目前为止 I have not seen him so far. 到目前为止我没见过他。 Up to the present, everything has been OK. 到目前为止一切正常。 d. in/during the past/last five years 在刚刚过去的5年里 He has been away from school during the last few weeks. 过去的几个星期里他没在学校。 In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。 e. all the while, all day一直，一整天 She has been busy all day. 她忙了一整天。 4现在完成时和一般过去时的区别 两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。 He locked the door. 他锁过门。（但现在门是开是锁不清楚。） He has locked the door. 他把门锁上了。（现在门是锁着的。） Who turned on the light? 谁开的灯？（着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。） Who has turned on the light? 谁把灯打开了？（着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。） 两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。 He has lived in Beijing for four years. 他在北京住了四年了。（现在仍住那儿） He lived in Beijing for four years. 他曾在北京住了四年。（现在不住那儿了）五、主动形式表示被动意义 英语中有些结构形式上是主动的，而表达的意义却是被动的。 A某些不及物动词的被动意义 英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态，不及物动词不用于这种结构。但有些时候，某些不及物动词，其主动形式含有被动的意义。 When did the accident occur 事故是什么时候发生的？ Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather. 冰淇淋在暑天销路好。 Does life exist on the moon 月球上存在着生命吗？ B一些表示“开始”、“结束”意思的动词 Class begins at eight. 八点钟开始上课。 The meeting ended up with warm applause. 会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。 C一些表示“运转”意义的动词 The machine runs well. 机器运转良好。 His voice records well. 他的音录下来很好。 D当read, write, translate等动词与表示行为方式的状语连用时 动词read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike, last等常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是物时，是不及物动词，即用主动形式表示被动意义。 The book sells well. 这书的销路很好。 My pen writes smoothly. 我的笔很好写。 The play reads more easily than acts. 这剧本易读不易演。 提示： 这些动词常和情态动词（多半是否定式）连用，表示被动。 His car cant move. 他的车不能开了。 E表示状态特征的连系动词的被动意义 有些表示状态特征的连系动词，如look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear, turn out等主动形式表示被动意义。 Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 What he said proved to be correct. 他的话证明是正确的。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。 Your sentence doesnt sound right. 你这话听起来不大对头。 F一些动词的进行时态可以表示一个被动的动作 The meat is cooking. 肉正在烧。 The book is printing. 这本书正在印刷之中。 G有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的 She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。 The house is to let. 此房出租。 六、被动形式表示主动意义 英语的被动形式表示主动的意义，主要见于状态被动语态句中。一般说来有以下几种情况。 A反身动词的被动形式表示主动意义 反身动词（及物动词+反身代词）作谓语时，其宾语反身代词，表示动作返回到执行者本身，主语既是动作的执行者，又是动作的承受者。由于反身动词具有这一特点，在被动结构中动作的承受者，也就是动作的执行者，在句中表现出主动的意义。 He seats himself at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。 - He is seated at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。 He lost himself in the forest. - He was lost in the forest. 他在森林中迷了路。 He dressed himself in a dark blue suit. - He was dressed in a dark blue suit. 他穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。 注意： 有些介词短语作定语或表语时，也有被动的含义。 The tall building under repair is an office building. 正在修建的那座高楼是一座办公楼。 The result is now under consideration. 结果现在正在考虑中。 个别介词短语用冠词时表示被动的意义，不用冠词表示主动意义。 The children are in the charge of this nurse. 孩子们由这位护士照管。 This nurse is in charge of the children. 这位护士负责照看孩子们。 B“引起感情”等动词的被动形式表主动意义 The teacher is satisfied with what he said. 老师对他所说的感到满意。 We are opposed to unjust wars. 我们反对非正义的战争。 We are prepared to accept his proposal. 我们准备采纳他的建议。 He was tired with playing all day. 玩了一整天他感到很疲倦了。 C某些表示定位、移位的动词 The earth is tilted a little. 地球有点儿倾斜。 Hundreds of soldiers were stationed around the prison. 数百个士兵驻扎在监狱周围。 The village is located at the foot of a hill. 这个村庄坐落在山脚下。 D不及物动词的-ed形式与be连用表示主动意义 Spring is come. 春天来了。 The moon was set and it was very dark. 月亮落了，天很黑。 He is advanced in years. 他年纪很大了。 E表示终止动词的-ed形式 He is done with it. 他做完了这件事。 My fever is gone, but I still have a cough. 我的烧已经退了，但还有点儿咳嗽。 F一些习惯用法 He was graduated from Beijing University. 他毕业于北大。 You are mistaken. 你弄错了。 He is retired. 他退休了。 G被动的祈使句 Do be seated. 请坐！ Be prepared, please. 请准备好。 Get washed. 洗吧。 Be concerned more about the well-being of the masses. 多关心群众的生活。 He was married in Beijing. 他是在北京结婚的。（被动语态）动名词与不定式1) 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组： stop to do stop doing forget to do forget doing remember to do remember doing cease to do cease doing try to do try doing go on to do go on doing afraid to do afraid doing interested to do interested doing mean to do mean doing regret to do regret doing begin/start to do begin/start doing 特殊词精讲stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。stop doing/to doforget doing/to doforget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。remember doing/to doremember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing记得做过某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?regret doing/to doregret to do 对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。cease doing/to docease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。try doing/to dotry to do努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕；be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。be interested doing/to dointerested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)mean to doing/to domean to do 打算、想mean doing意味着I mean to go, but m