GRE 写作笔记整理.doc

GRE写作张雷东2010年3月7日 课堂笔记The result of survey lacks of credibility because The argue fails to establish the causal relation ship between A and B.In the argument, the arguer cites the evidence that to reach the conclusion that By citing the evidence that , the arguer concludes that To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that A and that B.In addition, the arguer reasons that 逻辑问题分析示例：ArgumentSample OneHospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after rollerskating accidents indicate the need fore more protective equipment. Within this group of people, 75percent of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, ect.). Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment, rollerskaters will greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured in an accident.Benchmark 6 - OutstandingThe notion that protective gear reduces the injures suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, it is the intent of these products to either prevent accidents from occurring in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur. However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear.First of all, as mentioned in the argument, there are two distinct kinds of gear - preventative gear (such as light reflecting material) and protective gear (such as helmets). Preventative gear is intended to warn others, presumably for the most part motorists, of the presence of the roller skater. It works only if the “other” is a responsible and caring individual who will afford the skater the necessary space and attention. Protective gear is intended to reduce the effect of ant accident, whether it is caused by another, the skater or some force of nature. Protective gear does little, if anything, to prevent accidents but is presumed to reduce the injuries that occur in an accident. The statistics on injuries suffered by skaters would be more interesting if the skaters were grouped into those wearing no gear at all, those wearing protective gear only, those wearing preventative gear only and those wearing both. These statistics could provide skaters with a clearer understanding of which kinds of gear are more beneficial.The argument above is weakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences between skaters who wear gear and those who do not. It is at least likely that those who wear gear may be generally more responsible and safety conscious individuals. The skaters who wear gear mat be less likely to cause accidents through careless or dangerous behavior. It may, in fact be their natural caution and responsibility that keeps them out of the emergency room rather than the gear itself. Also, the statistic above is based entirely on those who are skating in streets and parking lots which are relatively dangerous places to skate in the first place. People who are generally more safety conscious (and therefore more likely to wear gear) may choose to skate in safer areas such as parks or back yards.The statistic also does not differentiate between severity of injuries. The conclusion that safety gear prevents severe injuries suggests that it is presumed that people come to the emergency room only with severe injuries. This is certainly not the case . Also, given that skating is a recreational activity that may be primarily engaged in during evening and weekends (when doctors offices are closed), skater with less severe injuries may be especially likely to come to the emergency room for treatment.Finally, there is absolutely no evidence provided that high quality (and presumably more expensive) gear is any more beneficial than other kinds of gear. For example, a simple white t-shirt may provide the same preventative benefit as a higher quality, more expensive, shirt designed only skating. Before skaters are encouraged to invest heavily in gear, amore complete understanding of the benefit provided by individual pieces of gear would be helpful.The argument for safety gear based in emergency room statistics could provide important information and potentially saves lives. Before conclusions about the amount and kinds of investments that should be made in gear are reached, however, a more complete understanding of the benefits is needed. After all, a false confidence in ineffective gear could be just as dangerous as no gear at all.2010年3月14日 课堂笔记Loaded question 误导问题，倾向性问题Anonymous 匿名 confidentialIndividuals 群体 e.g. wealthy individuals缩写：i.e. = 冒号e.g.= for exampleect.= 省略ETA/ETD: Estimated Time of Arrival/DepartureTMD: Theatre Missile DefenseAfter adjustment for inflation 扣除通货膨胀因素The writing on the wall 大难临头A is not a good indicate of BA does not indicate BThe flat that does not follow that Differentiate between The simple is too limited.The arguer commits a fallacy of false analogy. Are these companies comparable?Critique on term definition 定义攻击法用途：1.模糊 2.吓人 3.无关概念1) Problems about survey/statistics/studyC. Quantity of the sampleP131 A80The assumption that $500 is a cheap tuition is open to double.The arguer fails to convince us that all employees at APC need to improve their reading speed.D. What question was asked in the survey?P116 A147No evidence could indicate that players 10-25 years old will prefer such kind of game.The arguer ignores other possible factors that may also lead to the decline in the sales of their video games.Other questions that directly related to the conclusion: How about the supply of such video games.How many players have access to such kind of computers?Other feathers that may influence the overall quality of a game should also be taken in to account.2) Problems about data/informationA. Vague dataP115A144The argue fails to convince us that funding for education is not a priority for most people, because we do not know the base amount of donations each group received the year before last year.Maybe the educational institutions did not carry out effective fund-raising campaign last year.We cannot ensure that it is the peoples perception suggest by the arguer that result in the differences in donation rates.A145We need to know what fraction of people who snore actually suffer from sleep apnea.People who suffer from sleep apnea may actually exercise during the day through they are tired.The assumption that every people who snore will necessarily eat more and exercise less than normal is unwarranted.B. CompletenessP156A239The arguer does not provide completely information concerning the effect of curfew policy in Williamsville.Its possible that many crimes were committed at the town squared but not reported.Are the two towns comparable at every aspect?2. Flaws in the reasoning line1) False analogyP62A25The arguer does not pointing out how the golf course and the resort hotel actually contributed to the economy of Ocean View.Increasing is caused by building golf course and resort hotel?The arguer neglects other possible methods that may improve Hopewells economy more efficient.2) Confusing comparison and variationP146A216Non-neighboring towns might enjoy even lower real estate taxes no complete information commodity price.The number of physicians does not indicate the quality of healthy-care.3) Incomplete comparison and selective comparison/Ex parte informationP153A233No evidence about the performance of the new quality-control manager at Appian is provided.Other factors may influence the condition of road.Traffic maybe the traffic on Route 101 is much busier than on Route 66.Wealth, geological factors, maintenanceThe arguer unfairly assures that Appians work and quality are superior to McAdams.4) Hasty GeneralizationP56A10The number of airy farms does not necessarily indicate the supply of milk.How much did the price of milk actually increase after adjustment for inflation?P154A235The sales of recorded music are not a good indication of whether people prefer rock and roll.The fact that local citizens are interested in becoming better informed about politics before the recent election does not follow that.P142A206The arguer doesnt differentiate between the severities of the injuries.Hasty Generalization:Country - ParkvilleSoftball, soccer - athletic competitionThe arguer ignores the positive effects of athletic competition.5) Failing to weigh the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly/unexpected consequences P126A170The arguer fails to convince us that installing the process will necessarily installing the process will necessarily lead to the increased safety of GC systems.If the cost of process is very expensive, there will be no profit for Gulf Coast oyster producers.They process may damage the tasty of the oyster and may also kill some beneficial nutrition in oyster.7) Cause Effect FallaciesP132A182The arguer does not provide any information concerning the possible change in the profit of HPH after the replacement.Customers in other regions might be more fastidious about taste of food.3. Flaws in the conclusion2010年4月4日7) Cause-Effect FallaciesA. Non-causal relationshipP144A 212The arguer unfairly assumes that it is the body style of Patriot cars that was responsible for the decline in the sales of those cars.No evidence concerning the preference of new drivers in terms of style of cars is provided.Sporty cars: coupe 双门跑车, convertible 敞篷跑车, roadster 双门敞篷跑车Family cars: sub-compact 小型, compact cars中型, full-size cars 大型, MPV: multi-purpose vehicles, SUV: sports utility vehicles, pickups 轻型小货车, trailers 房车, vans 货车B. Confusing the cause and the effectP119A154The arguer fails to rule out the possibility that their outstanding physique allows them to engage in vigorous exercise.The arguer does not differentiate between the physiques of different individuals.C. Confusing concurrence with causal relationshipP119A153Among the teenagers who committed crime, how many if of them frequently watch violent programs on TV.How about the rate compared with normal teenagers?How to develop body paragraphs?1正文段数量：3-4个比较合适每段句子数量：3-8句2正文段连贯性 （1）恰当使用段落连接语言 first, second, finally in the first place, last but not least the major problem with this argument is that another flaw that weakens the logic of the argument is that before I come to end my conclusion, it is necessary to point out another flaw in the argument （2）正文段落顺序 对于递进式论证的题目： 可按缺陷出现的先后顺序安排 并列式论证的题目： 可按缺陷逻辑重要性递减的顺序安排3句型的使用(1) The mere fact that is insufficient evidence to conclude that conclude, show, prove, imply, support, justify, validate, indicate, illustrate, demonstrate, substantiate(2) The fact that does not prove that (does not support the claim that/does not ensure that/ lends no strong support to the conclusion that)(3) The fact that does not necessarily imply that (4) The argument fails to rule out the possibility that a (5) The argument simply equates with (6) The author assumes that (7) The author provides no evidence that (8) This assumption presents a false dilemma, since are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives.(9) Common sense tells us that (10) While this may be true in some cases, but it is equally possible that (11) Lacking more specific in formation about , it is impossible to assesslacking, in the absence of , for lack ofassess, evaluate, judge, determine(12) The editorial fails to take into account possible differences between (13) While it is true that this is not true of everyone.(14) Unless the author can demonstrate that the authors concern about these issues Is unfounded.(15) The author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for (16) The author ignores/fails to take into account (consider/explain) other likely benefits of (17) Unless there is a good chance(18) The author is presenting a false dilemma by imposing an either or choice between two courses of action that need not be mutually exclusive.(19) Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual cause of (20) Therefore, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of must be based on more thorough investigation to gather sufficient data in order to narrow down and locate the actual causes of the problem.(21) From the survey quoted in the argument, however, we find no sign of such procedures for random sampling, and have good reason to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general attitudes of all workers as a whole.(22) When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization.(23) The problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.(24) The argument rests on the gratuitous/unreasonable assumption that (25) The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between and (26) The arguers conclusion depends on the questionable assumption that (27) The arguer fails to provide any information concerning (28) The reasoning (assumption) that is open to doubt/ doubtful/ suspicious/ unreliable/ problematic/ questionable/ unconvincing/ unfounded/ unwarranted/ groundless.(29) Another assumption in short of legitimacy is (30) The arguer oversimplifies the importance of (31) The arguer overemphasizes the importance of (32) The conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and probably misleading.(33) The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that (34) The statistical evidence/ the result of the survey upon which the argument relies is too vague to be in formative.(35) The result of the study is incomplete to be conclusive.(36) The argument relies on figures that are too imprecise to support the conclusion drawn.(37) If the subjects for the study were randomly chosen and represent a diverse cross section of the population of , the results will be reliable regardless of (38) Since the arguer makes a claim about in general, the sample for the survey should be able to represent all (39) Yet we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions.(40) The example cited, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe that the data drawn from is representative of (41) The arguer assumes that what is true of a group as a whole is necessarily true of each member of that group. (42) The argument assumes that what is true of group of people taken collectively is also true of any individual within that group.(43) The argument attributes a characteristic of an individual member of a group to group as a whole.(44) The arguer support the conclusion by over generalizing from a specific piece of evidence.(45) The arguer draws a hasty conclusion which is based on inadequate evidence about (46) The arguer generalizes on the basis of a sample consisting of atypical cases.(47) The arguer use a few exceptional case as the basis for a claim about what is true in general.(48) The arguer draws a conclusion that is broader in scope than is warranted by the evidence advanced.(50) The author generalizes from what is true in one region of space to what must be true in all regions of space.(51) The arguer attempts to extract a general principle from a specific case.(52) The argument assumes a causal relationship where only a correlation has been indicated.(53) The arguers reasoning linking A with B seems reasonable on the surface, but (54) There is no information available to justify any causal relationship between A and B.(55) We do not have any evidence suggesting that A will cause B.(56) Contingencies such as can all lead to (57) Ant further linkage of these two phenomena requires more evidence and is not justified by the data so far available.(58) To find the exact cause of examination should be applied to all the factoes that have significant impact on (59) It does not naturally warrant the conclusion that A has significantly contributed, and thus is causal to B.(60) This observed phenomenon, actually, says little more than that these two events are synchronic to each other and that is all.(61) The evidence it cites is consistent with the alternative hypothesis that (62) The argument ignores factors such as that may be more important than A in determining B.(63) The fact that accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation that (64) The article fails to account fore the alternative explanation for , thus the articles author cannot make any sound recommendations to (65) Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern, his claim that . is untenable.(66) Nor does the mere fact that lend significant support to (67) Since the editorial fails to rule out these and other possible explanations for , I cannot accept any conclusions about (68) But, since the editorial provides no evidenc