高考英语阅读思路分析与解题方法-- 猜词.doc

高考英语阅读思路分析与解题方法- 猜词词义理解题常见的题型有:1. The author uses the word “” to mean _.2. The underlined word (phrase, term) “” means _.3. According to the passage, the word “” properly means _.4. The word “” in paragraph refers to _.5. By “”, the author means _.6. which of the following is closest in meaning to “”?7. What is “”?1.定义法： 一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。信号词：be, be called, means, be defined as ,that is, that is to say,in other words,- (破折号)等.l It will be very hard but very brittle that is , it will break easily.l The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.l A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrust the skin and then drink blood.l Desert can be defined as a large area of land where there is not enough rain and vegetation to support human life.l A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.l His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals.l They are vertebrates, that is , animals have backbones.l The period of adolescence , i.e. the period between childhood and adulthood ,may be long or short.【实战练习】“Getting the cold shoulder” means that some one is actually in a way that makes you feel unwanted. The very words create a picture: You can imagine a friend turning away so that, instead of a warm greeting, you receive only his shoulder a “cold” shoulder.The expression “getting the cold shoulder” means _. A. being treated rudely by paying no attention to youB. greeting you friendlyC. greeting you by rubbing shoulders with you D. feeding you cold meat2.对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。表示对比的信号词有yet, but,while ,though however, otherwise, on the one handon the other hand, for one thingfor another thing, instead of 等。 l Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.l John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty.l In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.l Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate.l Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theftl Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented.【实战练习】She is usually prompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.A. on time B. late C. slowly D. quickly 3.相似法：利用同义词、近义词（词组）或相似的结构猜测词义。当被猜的词前后有信号词: or, like , asas, the same as等就可以通过同义词、近义词来确定词义了。l The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.l Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.l Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.【实战练习】Some of US looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard，rocking the sheets to the fight or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. 47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _. A. formed an idea for B. made an outline forC. made some space forD. chose some colors for4. 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。信号词: because, since, as, for, due to, so, therefore, sothat, suchthat, thusl One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. l That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. l Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.l The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.【实战练习】When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. 65. The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” (in para.3) means that the colours_A. Attracted the customers stronglyB. Had weak effects on the customersC. Tricked the customers into shoppingD. Caused the customers to lose interest5.例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的信号词有for instance, for example, such as: such, like, especially, include, consist of 等 l Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.l Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes.l On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.6.构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super- (超) mini- (极小的, 微小的) micro-（极微小的） re- （再，反复） mis-（误，恶） im-（不） un-（不，非） in-（不，非）non-（不，非） -able（能的 ） -less（不，无） -wards (向)superman (超人) microwave(微波) nonnatural (非自然的) rebuild (重建) mispronounce (发错音) homeless (无家可归的) nonsmoker (非烟民) eastwards (向东)l Im going to buy a microbus. l This possibility was unforeseeable，because it almost never happened.【实战练习】Today the sport is popular in Latin America, Asia and, unfortunately, in some parts of the United States-even though it is unlawful in almost every state.What does the word “unlawful” possibly mean? A. allowed by the lawB. in accordance with the lawC. against the lawD. having nothing to do with the law7. Context 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。 1) He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understand anything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident. A. see clearly B. understand C. expect2）Tom saw an owl last night Tom saw an owl in a tree last nightTom saw an owl in a tree last night but it flew away when he got nearAa bird Ban animal C. a star3）The children are looking at an ape.The children are looking at an ape at the zoo The children are looking at a large, hairy ape at the zoo Aa kind of monkey Ba kind of tree Ca kind of bird8. Common sense 普通常识：根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。 在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。 l When a doctor performs an operation on a patient，he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him. When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water. Metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled.l One of symptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever.l Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid.l In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.【小试身手】1. Alberts success after much effort and practice proves the value of persistence. A. time B. competition C. perseverance2. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key. A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的C.有效的D. 匆促的3. Though Mr. Smith has been manager for just 3 months, he has already made much greater achievements than his predecessors. A. 上级 B. 前任 C. 同事 D. 下级4. She didnt hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. A. 心不在焉的 B.紧张的 C. 全神贯注的 D.睡意浓的5. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate. A. pretty B. calm C. protective D. energetic6. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. A. strong B. firm C. kind D. clever7. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water. A. became sweeter B. became red C. became dry8. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway. A. direct B. indirect C. straight9. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. A. small B. large C. dull10. There are some glaciers moving down the mountain valleys. A glacier is a river of ice. A. 雪山 B. 树枝 C. 冰河 D. 冰11. In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth. A. 便士 B. 温饱 C. 非常贫困 D. 虚弱 【篇章练习】Passage 1 Tens of thousands of baby penguins face starvation after two giant icebergs broke off the Antarctic ice sheet and blocked their parents road to the feeding areas. Adeline and emperor penguins nesting on the Ross island rookeries are now forced to walk long distances over the icebergs to obtain food for their chicks, born during the November-December breeding season.What does the underlined word “obtain” probably mean?A. eat B. get C. sell D. buyPassage 2 A mans position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(宗系), and his tribe.The word “disgrace” means _ in this text.A. honor B. endanger C. proud D. shame Passage 3 The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished. A few members of the Senate(参议院) opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country for ever. The underlined word “banished” mean_. A. killed by stoning B. sent away C. imprisoned D. punished by whipping Passage 4 My first job was to drive the oxen that ploughed the cane fields. I would walk behind an ox, guiding him with a broomstick. For $ 1 a day, I worked eight hours straig