全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题.doc

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题Simulated Entrance Test of English for MA/MS CandidatesModel Test 毕金献 命制版权所有 侵权必究考生注意事项 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。 答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息。 答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节、B节的答案填涂在答题卡1上。填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解C节的答案和作文必须用（蓝）黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔、或签字笔在答题卡2上作答。字迹要清楚。 考试结束后，将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，试题交给监考人员。考试时间 180分钟得 分满 分 100分Section Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary(untested) data,hypotheses,and models (which by definition are tentative).This aspect of science1 because it has not been widely2 and acceptedis called frontier science.The media3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs” make good news stories.Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science,5 ,does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration;6 ,such matters need further study to determine their 7.8 contrast,consensus science consists of data,models,theories,and laws that are widely accepted.This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy.The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science,without 11.The media preference12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions,which may or may not be correct.However,15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable,members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain.We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences.One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology.1. A controversial B suspicious C debatable D untrustworthy2. A checked B tested C approved D confirmed3. A prefer B tempt C intend D tend4. A hedge B circle C realm D scope5. A thereby B however C moreover D notwithstanding6. A rather B otherwise C anyway D furthermore冲刺试题（二） 第1页7. A integrity Bavailability C reliability D controversy8. A By B To C On D For9. A merely B oddly C fairly D rarely10. A refer B indicate Cmodify D describe11. A discrimination B distinction C exception D presumption12. A to Bon C for Dwith13. A fancy B false C vivid D virtual14. A presents Breaches C provides D grants15. A until B unless C when D while16. A imagine B conclude C predict D perceive17. A identically B uniformly C cautiously D seriously18. A on B to C with D in19. A summarize B systematize C recognize D revitalize20. A latent B intact C odd D keySection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Part of the scientific faith of the late nineteenth century was the view that there was one and only one scientific method.This method,argued writers like Karl Pearson in his Grammar of Science,was the only sure method for arriving at knowledge in any sphere.The method was easily described:collect the facts in the area under study;order them into sequences,such that lawlike occurrences could be seen;then,write down the laws so identified.According to this view,disciplines differed only as to subject matter,since the unity of science consisted of its method alone.Also,according to this view,the results of scientific investigation(that冲刺 试题（二） 第2页is,new knowledge)will always be embodied in the form of a law connecting the facts in the area under study.Explanation,according to this view,is simply accounting for facts on the basis of a deduction from a known law or laws,or accounting for some subordinate law on the basis of a deduction from some more general law or laws.The most influential formulation of this explanation is Carl GHempels,perhaps most accessibly articulated in his article“Explanation in Science and History.” Sometimes,according to Hempel,such laws are of a strictly universal form and other times they are of a probabilistic or statistical form.They are assertions,in this latter case,of the kind that if certain specified conditions are realized then an occurrence of such and such a kind will come about with such and such a probability.I think that it would be true to say that in the late nineteenth century it was felt that one feature distinguishing physics from history as a discipline was that,even if they shared exactly the same method,physics had no need for the latter kind of probabilistic explanationat least in principlewhile in history it was unavoidable.However,in the twentieth century,whatever else may distinguish physics and history as disciplines it is not that physics uses only strictly universal laws and deductive explanations in the nineteenthcentury sense,while history does not.The physics of this century,from 1900 onward,has been interested in aggregates（集成体） of certain classes of physical individuals(the particles)and in accounts of the individuals that would enable one to understand the aggregates.As a consequence partly of this (necessary)interest in statistical data pertaining to the very small,as well as for a number of other reasons,physicists have tended to formulate the mechanics of the very small in terms of equations in which probabilistic notions are fundamental.21. According to Karl Pearson,only one scientific methodA prevailed in every field of study during 1890s.B directed the collection and arrangement of facts.C served as a unique element uniting all disciplines.D made the identification of new knowledge plausible.试题（二） 第3页22 As stated by Hempel,general laws areA based on detailed accounts of actual facts.B composed of subordinate laws by deduction.C realized in probabilistic or statistic form.D applied to all cases or under certain conditions.23.The author feels sure of the truth that in 19th centuryA physics and history shared a common feature.B the same method blended history with physics.C statistical laws were compatible with physics.D probabilistic method was inapplicable to history.24.In the 20th century,it was true thatA universal laws ceased to belong merely to physics.B deductive explanations became dominant in history.C distinction between history and physics turned obscure.D statistical explanations were adopted by physicists.25.In the study of physical particles,A statistical information accounts for the interest in aggregates.B probabilistic conceptions result from their formulation.C description of their mechanics is based on statistical data.D physical equations are accountable for probabilistic ideas.Text 2Throughout history, gold has been a precious material, eagerly sought and cherished. It was probably the first metal to be mined because it is beautiful and imperishable (which will always exist or cannot wear out), and because beautiful objects can be made from iteven with primitive tools. The amount of gold known to ancient peoples probably totaled not much more than the amount produced each year by the worlds largest gold mine located in the Witwatersrand district of South Africa. Stores of gold discovered by archaeologists in Greece, Scythia, and Egypt, as well as the gold from Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru, 试题（二） 第4页represented years of patient collection of small quantities from streams and veins (矿脉), often by slave labor.The essential value of gold has always been known, even before gold was used in coinage. It remains the only universally recognized standard of value in international monetary exchange. Most of the worlds refined gold is absorbed by governments and central banks to provide backing for paper currency. But the amount of gold used in arts and in industry is increasing. In addition to its use for jewelry, decorative finishes, and dentistry, its special properties have led to many applications in modern science and technology. Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from heat and corrosion, and certain electrical components and circuits of spacecraft are made of gold when extreme reliability is required.Gold was first produced in the United States from the southern Appalachian region, beginning about 1792. These deposits, though rich, were relatively small and were quickly depleted. The discovery of gold at Sutters Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 184950. Hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered. As a result, the production of gold increased rapidly. During World War and for some years thereafter, annual production declined to about two million ounces. When the price of gold was raised in 1934 to 35 an ounce, production increased rapidly. Shortly after the start of World War , gold mines were closed and the government did not permit them to reopen until 1945. Since then the production of gold has not exceeded two million ounces a year.The largest producing gold mine in the United States is the Homestake Mine in South Dakota, which yields about 575,000 ounces of gold each year. Other mines scattered throughout various parts of the world produce even larger amounts of this highly prized and eagerly sought yellowish material.26.With respect to gold, the author favors the statement that its beauty and imperishability made it the first to be discovered among all metals. B rich deposits of it were found by archaeologists in ancient Greece and Egypt.试题（二） 第5页C primitive people must have learned to make fine ornaments from the precious metal.D Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru were collected by slaves from brooks and veins.27. According to the text, which of the following is true? Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from radiation.B Most of the worlds refined gold is used for currency backing.C The worlds largest gold mine is located in South Dakota, U.S.D The mining of gold can be traced back to the feudal age.28. The author suggests that the U.S. is the largest producer of gold in the world.B ancient peoples collected gold in considerable amounts.C gold was first mined in the U.S. in the mid 1700s.D governments keep the production of gold under control.29. To develop his ideas, the author uses arguments and proofs.B personal opinions.C convincing examples.D factual descriptions.30. It can be inferred from the text that gold supplies are judged to be shrinking gradually. B dentistry is demanding much more gold now than ever before.C the yield of gold has been increasing since mid 1950s.D gold has been highly valued as a strategic material.Text 3Maybe its a sign of a mature mind when some of lifes bigger questionsabout love,faith,ambitionsuddenly seem more manageable than smaller ones,such as:Why did I just open the refrigerator?Where on earth did I put my keys?Where did I write down that phone number?试题（二） 第6页Our capacity for storing and recalling information does not stream down like sand through an hourglass,as neurologists once believed.On the contrary,new research suggests that,when stimulated in the right way,brains of almost any age can give birth to cells and forge fresh pathways to file away new information.This emerging picture has not only encouraged those who treat and care for the 5% of older adults who have dementia（痴呆症）such as Alzheimers disease,but also generated a wave of optimism among those studying memory changes in the other 95%,as well as an increasing public fascination with “memory enhancement” dietary supplements,books and brainimproving techniques.The slight failures of memory that many of us attribute to a failing brain are often due to something entirely different:anxiety,sleep problems,depression,even heart disease.The biological nuts and bolts of learning and memory in fact change little over time in healthy people,researcher say.“Theres very little cell loss,and structurally all the machinery is there,even very late in life,”said a neuroscientist Greg Cole.Its the cells speed and ability to send and receive signals that diminish gradually,which is what makes the mind go blank when trying to recall familiar words and names.For more than a decade,researchers have known that people who have active,intellectually challenging lives are less likely to develop dementia than those who do not.Part of this difference is attributable to intelligence,some doctors believe:The more you start with,the longer it takes to lose it.And new evidence suggests that the act of using your brain is in itself protective,no matter who you are.All of the activities,such as reading newspapers,watching TV,playing games,etc.,can improve peoples scores on standard tests measuring recall of numbers and names,experts say.They also acknowledge,however,that there is a big difference between playing chess with a friend and doing a mental exercise,such as memorizing numbers.One is an organic part of a persons life,the other a purely intellectual exercise,done in isolation.The first is fun;the second,often,is a tiring task.31. According to the text,adult persons usuallyA stress the settlement of bigger problems.试题（二） 第7页B focus their attention on great issues.C overlook the remembrance of trivial things.D suffer memory decline related to age.32. According to new research,its distinct thatA our brain cells can be producible.B our memory may be renewable.C most mental illnesses are curable.D brainmending methods are available.33. The phrase “nuts and bolts” in Par.3 most probably meansA basic structures.B complex tasks.C practical aspects.D working parts.34. As asserted by researchers,our inability to memorize words or names mainlyA results from the declining efficiency of brain cells.B results in the brains liability to radical interference.C consists of different mental disorders.D consists in various emotional problems.35. Experts suggest that the best way to avoid memory failures isA to take more dietary supplements.B to keep mental function alive.C to find an intellectual occupation.D to do more intellectual exercises.Text 4Non-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and animals arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins outside the United States may enter the country and become established either as free-living populations or under human cultivationfor example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated species 试题（二） 第8页subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living populations. Second, species of either U.S. or foreign origin and already within the United States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as by human mobilitythrough commerce, tourism, and travelgreatly exceed natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals(tens to hundreds of years), species- ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical barriers such as oceans or mountains.Habitat modification can create conditions favorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous insects that evolved with them. Human-generated changes in fire frequency, grazing intensity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. When human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effectively create passages for species movement between previously isolated locales. The rapid spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part to the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Many of these are non-indigenous grasses recommended for planting on the forty million or more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program.A number of factors perplex quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur between establishment of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand acres. In addition, federal port inspection, although a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-examined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy试题（二） 第9页quantitative analysisfor example, which is more “important”： the entry path of one very harmful species or one b