2015年职称英语_应试技巧班-补全短文技巧和方法讲义.doc

注意职称英语在记笔记时，一定要准备2种颜色的笔，红笔用来划重点。（建议记笔记时，分项记录。）解题技巧与方法一、 看标题定文体补全短文解题技巧 解题思路：通过选项特点判断答案。第一个解题方法：看标题定文体。文体：记叙文、议论文和说明文。第一篇文章 Ludwig Van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness. Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. _ (1) _. Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn. Beethoven remained unmarried. _ (2) _. Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819. _ (3) _. He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. _ (4) _. Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, “I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality.”_ (5) _. A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music. B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life. C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence. D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers. E. Although Beethovens personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best. F. Today his music is still being played all over the world. 第一篇文章 -该篇为记叙文Financial Risks(金融风险)Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. _ (1) _. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. _ (2) _. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. _ (3) _. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. _ (4) _. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. _ (5) _. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21. 6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs. A. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. B. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. C. Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. D. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. E. Floating exchange rates of the worlds major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. F. Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation. 二、三句顺口溜： 1.抓主干，猜大意，弄清它是啥东西。比如：because，but，in short等。2.不要放过特征词。比如：数字、专有名词、代词等。3.小词帮你出大力，时态帮你理顺序，标点解决大问题。标点：句号，问号，引号句。（一）引号句-选项中如果有引号句出现，空格所在段落可能会有引号句出现。第二篇，爱因斯坦被命名为世纪之人。Einstein Named “Person of Century” “The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technologicaltechnologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science,” wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einsteins significance. _ (1) _. “What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedoms fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom, ”said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson. _ (4) _. “There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality. ”A. “Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,” Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Times choices. B. How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general publics view about Albert Einstein. C. “Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.”D. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the “Manhattan Project” that secretly developed the first atomic weapon. E. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. F. In his “Special Theory of Relativity,” Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light. 看选项，看标点，找找引号句。笔记：引号词只有复现时才有用。Reinventing the TableAn earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students. “I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students,” he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. “Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of whats going on with the elements,” says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge _(3)_A There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871. B Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have. C “I imagine this would be good for undergraduates.”D Raisback has listed some elements more than once. E And the size of elements symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earths crust. F The traditional periodic table was well drawn. 选项中看引号句，找空格所在段落。3.（二）问号句：（1）一般问句，只有排比句时，才有用。（2）特殊问句：who，选项如果用who来提问时，先不做。Mobile PhonesA. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.B. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:. nearly one for every two peopleC. “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised,” he said.D. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.F. The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.why，选项如果用why来提问时，回答语一般包括以下原因词：because+句子，because of+名词/名词短语，reason，due to：由于，owing to（owe to）：由于。Why Do Peoples Shrink? _(3)_ But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Thats because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Dont worry, though. _(5)_ A They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little high and become shorter. B Once you get a good nights rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, youre standing tall again! C Over time, bone is said to be lost because its not being replaced. D Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking. E The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size. F But why does shrinking happen at all? shrinking：变矮，缩水。其它特殊疑问词，不包括who，why。-抓问句的主语及回答句的主语，即问句的主语如果是名词或名词短语时，回答语的主语必为代词。四个代词：he，she，it，they。 Sleeping Giant_ 2_ yet it has erupted three times during the last million years. And one of those eruptions spewed enough volcanic ash and other debris to blanket half the United States. _5_It is the volcanic energy that powers the geysers and hot springs, creates the mountains and canyons, and generates the unique ecosystems that support Yellowstones diverse wildlife. A Three calderas make up more than a third of Yellowstone National Park. B The first Yellowstone eruption, 2 million years ago, released more than double that amount of ash and debris. C The volcano is so inconspicuous (不显眼的) that few people know it exists. D Then, an enormous fountain will shoot high into the air. E While the active geologist processes at Yellowstone do pose some risk to the public, they also make it a unique treasure. F Yellowstone National Park attracts the interest of geologists the world over. The Worlds Longest Bridge _(2)_ _ Theyre suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. Its not just their lengthtotally 5.3 kilometersbut their weight. A Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds. B What do the worlds longest bridges have in common? C If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼啸而过) across the Messina Strait Bridge. D Theyre what will keep the bridge from going anywhere. E The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires. F They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tonsmore than half the bridges total mass. 2.数字-选项中如果有数字出现，空格所在段落可能会有数字出现。Mobile PhonesAccording to Robert Bell, there are 3. 3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2, 000 a day. _ (2) _As well, there are 2, 000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. _ (3) _The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby. Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.B. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:. nearly one for every two peopleC. “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised,” he said.D. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.G. The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.三、一比二原则注意：一比二或二比一原则的使用。一比二原则：一个空格对应两个选项。做题方法一：一个空格对应两个选项，选最长的。做题方法二：看哪个选项的单词与空格周围单词复现率高，就将哪个选项放在空格上。二比一原则：二个空格对应一个选项。做题方法一：二个空格都放这个选项。做题方法二：看选项中的单词与哪个空格周围单词复现率高，就将选项放在哪个空格上。Mobile PhonesAccording to Robert Bell, there are 3. 3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2, 000 a day. _ (2) _As well, there are 2, 000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. _ (3) _The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby. _ (4) _ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates. _ (5) _ According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide ranging inquiry into possible health effects. A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.B. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:. nearly one for every two peopleC. “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised,” he said.D. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.H. The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.答疑四个班型：1.基础班2.教材精讲班3.冲刺班4.串讲班押宝：1.做题方法的顺序2.猜3.划重点文章四、选项中的I，We1.标题2.选项三句顺口溜：1.抓主干，猜大意，弄清它是啥东西。比如：because，but，in short等。2.不要放过特征词。比如：数字、专有名词、代词等。3.小词帮你出大力，时态帮你理顺序，标点解决大问题。标点：句号，问号，引号句。1.看标点：引号句，问号句。2.看数字，选项中只要有数字出现，空格所在段落周围可能也会有数字出现。3.I，We，选项中如果有I，We，先带到原文看是不是以第一人称进行写作的，如果不是，它只能出现在引号句中。 What We Take from And Give to the Sea_(1)_ We take minerals from the ocean. We cannot drink ocean water. _ (4)_ But ocean water becomes fresh water. What do we give the sea? Garbage. _ (5)_ Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. A. Natural sponges become cleaning aids.B. We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.C. The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.D. Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.E. We even use their bones for fertilizer.F. Some of its contents may cause illness. The First Four Minutes_ (3) _. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one.” _ (4) _. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. _ (5) _. That is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply. Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habitsB. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other persons shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone. Robotic Highway ConesA University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. (1) They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day, said Shane Farritor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.For example, if workers arrived at 6 a.m., the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time. (2) “It just seems like a very good application for robots,” Farritor said. “The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place,” Farritor said in a report on his creation. (3) This fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.The robots are placed at the bottom of the cons and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. “It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said. “Normally theres a kind of rubbery, black base to them. (4) ”Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they might need.The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation. like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds. “That way you dont have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation.” Farritor said.While prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next. (5) He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may benefit from them.A. And they can return to the original place at the end of the day.B. He is thinking about starting a small business.C. Farritor was “Inventor of the Year” in 2003.D. Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant.E. We replace that with a robotF. These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made miles away.Tuberculosis Kills 1, 000 People a Day in Asia (1) “When it comes to developed countries, the reason for the increase of TB is related to the ageing society,”he said. “ (2) ” “One common fact among developing countries and developed countries is complacency,” Omi added. “ (3) ” (4) It noted that more t