前元音 yuan.doc

lesson one 前元音/i:/ /i/ /e/ /第一节 前元音（Front Vowels）Part One前元音/i:/ /i/发音方法:Step 1:舌尖抵住下齿龈;Step 2:舌尖前部抬高，但不要碰到硬腭；Step 3:嘴唇向两旁伸展，成扁平形，如同微笑；常见的发音错误及其纠正方法：错误 把/i:/等同于普通话中的“衣”的发音。纠正 出现这种错误主要是由于舌身太高，和硬腭发生了摩擦。我们发“衣”音时，舌头向上与硬腭有轻微摩擦；而发/i:/时，舌尖应该抵住下齿，不要让舌头前部碰到硬腭，同时让双唇向两旁拉伸呈微笑状。单词发音练习第一组：each even see key green tree he she we me be eel meal seal deal appeal real wheel第二组：reach bee teach fleece fee pea heal equal eager police knee keen agree feed easy unique meal street cheat either ego ceiling please supreme第三组free speak be needle freeway eaves machine tea team Eden achieve scene squeeze enough pieces yield beat meat stream esteem beak intrigue needs neat jubilee fever three短语发音练习eat mepeach treedeep seasweet dreamin the streetsteal sheepgreen teakeep a keyleave the team句子发音练习No sweet without sweat. 先苦后甜。A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。Once a thief, always a thief. 偷盗一次，做贼一世。Easy come, easy go. 易得易失。I see a bee in the tree. The host team beat the guest team.He eats much meat in each meal.She seems to need much more sleep.We often meet Mr. Green in the street.Part Two 前元音/i/发音部位和方法：Step 1舌尖接近下齿；Step 2 舌前部抬高，略低于/i:/的舌位；Step3唇形扁平，没有摩擦；Step4嘴的开口度比/i:/略大一些。/i/的特点:音质简短、清脆、有力。常见的发音错误及其纠正：错误 人们注意到/i/是短元音，因而在发音时故意地缩短普通话中“衣” 的读音。纠正 /i/不仅是短元音，我更应该注意到它是一个松弛元音。发音时只要让嘴唇、下颌的肌肉和整个口腔保持松弛的状态，/i/的发音就自然能够变得短促，避免认为发音的生硬的感觉。单词发音练习第一组：it is sister visit tip until in inside interest hint himself winter ill silk hill bill fill pill different第二组：inside mill pick physical wind still hill live witty ill sister flip exhibit lift zipper income city第三组：history linen mistake assist interest pyramid brittle exhibit pitch invisible quiver big cymbals trip lick crib visit 短语发音练习a little bita big fishhappy familyin a minute within limitsempty promisea slip of hand twin sistersbusy womanpick a pocketthick forestlive in a city句子发音练习Business is business. 公事公办。A blessing is disguise. 因祸得福。It is no use crying over spilt milk. 木已成舟，悔之无益。Poverty is stranger to industry. 勤劳之人不受穷。Jim has a lovely little sister.We had a dish of fish for dinner.Lily picked up this film ticket.The twin sisters are enjoying their picnic.Molly is sick and she is in the clinic now.Part three语音的比较与对比练习/i:/ 和/i/是两个不同音质的音，不仅长度相异，而且舌位高地、开口程度的大小等也不等，因此不能把/i:/简单地看成/i/的延长。/i:/的音长是/i/的两倍以上，舌位比高，嘴的开口程度比/i/小，下颌肌肉以及整个口腔的紧张程度比/i/高，嘴唇向两边拉伸。单词对比：/i/i/i/i/Beatbitleadliddeep dipfeetfitEaseisleaveliveSheepshipfeedfidBeadbidbeanbinLesson two前元音/e/ /Part one前元音 /e/发音方法：Step one: 舌尖清抵下齿；Step two: 舌前部抬高，但不接触硬腭；Step three: 上下齿间约能放下一根中指。发音特征：音质短促清晰。发音时，嘴唇、下颌的肌肉及整个口腔都处于放松状态。英美音的差别：英音中的/e/在美音都读作/。/ 的舌位比/e/稍低，开口度略微大一些。单词发音练习第一组：get ready egg every enemy friend bed bet read ten sent sell well tell第二组：twenty embrace semester fence red nest enter tenth emulate emulate health Ben pet effort fresh deadline left Ken legs net center federal mental Ted bed第三组：men celebrate tender wreck gem stem when memory shelf spread jet ebb render mentor crescent sweat wet eggs element western credit election well bent century letter dilemma intellect Dell test短语发音练习left legpen name never everin the endhead officestep by step red envelopget readya best seller pet shopget some resta French lessonmany guestsbest friendbread and eggs let it be句子发音练习Unpleasant advice is a good medicine.忠言逆耳利于行。East or west, home is the best.金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝。Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。A friend without faults will never be found.没有十全十美的朋友。I shall never forget this lesson.Wed better learn French step by step.Dennys vest has been wet with sweat.Kelly ate some bread before she went ot bed.She opened the window to get some fresh air.I got a letter from my best friend yesterday.Part two前元音/发音方法Step one:舌尖轻抵下齿；Step two: 舌前部抬高，舌高略低于/e/;Step three:嘴的开口度比/e/大，上下齿之间约能放下一根食指加一根中指；发音特点是四个前元音中舌高最低的。短元音，但在单词和语流中有一定的长度。开口度是四个前元音中最大的。发音时，嘴唇、下颌的肌肉以及整个口腔都处于放松状态。英美音的差异舌高：英音/比美音/稍低一些。发音部位：英音/比较靠后，接近/a/的发音；美音/比较靠前，接近/的发音。位于鼻音/m/,/n/和/前面的/，美音带有较重的鼻音色彩。常见发音错误及纠正方法错误 将/和/e/混淆，分不清bad和bed。纠正 将/和/e/，主要是由于舌位太高，而嘴的开口度不够造成的。发/时，注意将舌位压低，尽量把嘴向两边张大，就能避免错发成/e/。错误 把/发成普通话中“爱”的音。纠正 这种发音错误的原因在于，发/时舌位发生了滑动，唇形发生了变化。大家可以试着对着镜子进行发音纠正练习，注意保持舌位不移动和唇形不变化。单词发音练习第一组hat man cash cap France as ham bat cat hand disaster answer passage basket have palace admiral glad mass 第二组fabric bath laugh apple absolute master grand stand average category and hand at back fabric sad mad grass track短语发音练习in fact a fat cat bad apple have a chatstand back traffic accident traffic jamcatch a bad coldhappy family hand in hand a jazz band a plan of attack句子发音练习Habit cures habit. 心病还需心药医。Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。Its a bad habit to smoke.Larry is a handsome youngman.Sally is holding a black hat in her hand.My dad bought a bag of cat food yesterday.I had a bad cold and had to rest at home.Jack had a chat with me and told me he got married.Part three语言比较与对比练习语音比较：/和/e/和/e/是人们容易混淆的两个音。把握好舌位的高低以及开口度的大小是正确发音的关键/e/的音长比/的短，舌位比/稍高，开口度比/小。注意发这两个音的时候应保持嘴唇、下颌的肌肉和整个口腔处于放松的状态。语音对比练习/e/e/bed badendanddeaddadheadhadlend landbegBagred ratbetbatpetpatmenMan如何区分can和cant在听力和口语中，人们经常会混淆can和cant。can是不重读的，其中的元音/较模糊或常弱读为/kn/，如：I can go.;绝大多数情况下， cant重读，其中的元音/长而清晰，如I cant go.。要区分can和cant, 人们必须依赖于重音和非重音，而不是看是否有/t/音，如：I can trust him.(can不重读，trust重读)和I cant trust you(cant和trust都要重读)。第二节 中元音（central vowels）/ /：/ /Lesson 3 中元音/发音方法：Step one:舌尖轻触下齿龈；Step two：舌的中部向硬腭抬起；Step three:双唇向两边微展，唇形扁平;Step four:嘴的开口度较大，略小于/的开口度。发音特点：短元音，音质低沉浑厚，极具跳跃感。常见错误及其发音方法错误1把中元音/等同于普通话的“阿”的发音。纠正：出现这种错误主要是由于舌位和开口度不正确，发音是舌的中部未向硬腭抬起，导致舌高偏低，且嘴的开口度过大。纠正时，要注意正确掌握舌位和开口度。错误2 发/时，音调偏高，音质过于清晰。纠正：出现这种错误是由于舌位太靠前，舌尖没有轻触下齿龈。纠正时，应该注意将将舌位控制在舌的中部，使舌的中部向硬腭抬起，同时注意让舌尖轻触下齿龈，这样才能使/听起来浑厚低沉，具有跳跃感。单词发音练习第一组but hut under us mother love son Monday thunder rush nun trouble cover hush struggle discuss wonder study lunch 第二组come bus brunt supper bunk nothing mumble study sungstubborn exult hunter Ulster stucco wonder hull cut study brush lunch crush come bus第三组stump brunt upper chuck ruffle budget above bump some rummage abduct unused slumber club glutton slush dump u短语发音练习hut upget up under coverbus stopcome ona flood of tears sun bathall of a suddenjust for funblood brothermuch trouble lunch and supper句子发音练习Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。Whats done cannot be undone.覆水难收。Well begun is half done.好的开始是成功的半。Promise little but do more.少许愿多做事。My cousin is always in such a hurry.I like to have a cup of coffee after I get up.Bills lovely son loves doves very much.He doesnt spend enough time on his study.Mother said she would come back to cook us supper.This couple went for a picnic on a sunny Sunday.Lesson 4 中元音/ /Part one中元音/发音方法Step one：舌身自然放平，舌的中部向硬腭抬起；Step two：双唇向两旁略微拉伸，成微笑状；Step three：嘴的开口度较小，略小于/i：/的开口度。特点：发/：/时，嘴唇，下颌的肌肉以及整个口腔都处于紧张状态。英、美音的差异发音中的/：/在美音中标记为/发音时，英音/：/不卷舌，美音/要卷舌。常见发音错误及纠正方法错误1将/：/ 简单地等同于普通话中“俄”的发音。纠正 发“俄”音时，两颊肌肉放松，发音时部位较靠后，音质较低沉；而发/：/时,双唇应向两边略微拉伸，双颊肌肉紧张，发音部位在口腔中部，声音较响亮。错误2将/：/发成普通话中“欧”改正 这主要是因为发音时嘴唇和口腔过于放松，紧张度不够，导致发音不到位只要注意使下颚的肌肉紧张起来，双唇向左右略微拉伸就能做到。单词发音练习earth earnest first search perfect herb worst hurdle early worst serve thirst worm word German curve verb cursed短语发音练习on earthdirty shirtworld recordat workearn ones living turn for the worsebird flufirst personburst into tears make certainjourney time句子发音练习To err is human.人非圣贤，孰能无过。First come, first served.先到先得。A light purse is a heavy curse.为人无钱处处难。The early bird catches the worm.早起的鸟儿有虫吃。He face turned red with anger.My sister gave birth to a daughter.I earn my living by working as a nurse.Herbert didnt hurt you on purpose.The spilled coffee made my shirt dirty.I bought a purse and a fur coat last Thursday.Part two中元音 /发音方法Step one：舌身平展而放松，舌的中部向硬腭抬起；Step two：唇形扁平，放松；Step three：嘴的开口度介于/和/：/之间。特点音质短促而清晰/音是十二个元音中最松弛的，因为一张口就能发出，故俗称“懒音”英美音差异英音只有一个/，美音与之对应的有两个音：/和/。英音/无论什么情况下都不卷舌。美音/不卷舌，只有出现在元音字母后面没有r的情况下。如ago/go/，today/tde/是美音所特有的，要卷舌，只出现在元音后面有字母r的情况下。如：driver/draiv/，actor/kt/。常见的错误及纠正错误 盲目地将/等同于汉语的儿化音。纠正 这主要是受方言音的影响和对卷舌的片面的认识造成的。事实上，在英式英语中，/不是卷舌音；在美式英语中，只有当元音字母后面有字母r时，才发卷舌/音。控制好舌尖，让其轻轻地抵住下齿龈，这样就能保证舌尖不上翘，从而避免随意卷舌。单词发音练习第一组runner player helper sailor tailor actor savior incinerator educator soldier builder reactor dancer dresser carrier teacher 第二组scanner brother father worker singer lighter nicer carrier writer player sister later master helper mother letter neither reader weaker短语发音练习later on see a doctor get togetherbrother and sisterfor a moment post a letteralong the rivercorrect answer in dangeragain and again collect call paper boy句子发音练习A mothers love never changes.母爱永恒。Better late than never.迟到总比不到好。A boaster and a liar are cousins.吹牛与说谎本是同宗。A young idler, an old beggar.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。Pink is my favourite colour.Robert forgot to post this letter.Peter wants to be a doctor after graduation.The director came up with a better idea.She got a fever and decided to see a doctor.My sister read this novel from cover to cover.Part three语音的比较与对比练习语音比较：/：/ 和 /：/和/的发音虽有相似之处，但它们的音长、舌位、口腔的紧张程度等并不相同，因此不能把/：/简单地看成是 /的延长。发/：/时，嘴角向两旁呈微笑状，音长比/长，舌位比/略高，开口度比/小，口腔的紧张程度比/高。/是元音中最松弛的。此外，/：/ 和 /还是一对张弛对立的元音。/：/ 是紧张元音，只出现在重读音节当中；/是松弛元音，只出现在非重读音节当中。单词对比/：/ /：/learn learnerfurfurthermurdermurderernervenervousworkworkerpersonpersonalserveserverdeferdeferment第三节 后元音 （back vowels）/：/ / /：/ /u/ /u：/Lesson 5 后元音/：/Part one 后元音/：/发音方法Step one: 舌尖离开下齿；Step two: 舌身自然放平，后部稍抬高，舌位很低；Step three: 嘴张开略呈圆形，开口度最大，没有摩擦。发音特点：发/：/时，嘴唇、下颌的肌肉以及整个口腔处于放松的状态。后元音/：/是十二个单元音中开口最大、舌位最低的。英美音的差异英音/：/与美音/有条件地对应。当英音/：/出现在/f/，/n/，/s/，/和/前面时，美音读作/。如， after/ft/cant /knt/ fast/fst/ bath/b/ rather/r/当英音/：/不出现在f/，/n/，/s/，/和/前面时，美音读作/，与英音的/没有太大的差异。常见的错误发音及纠正的方法错误 把后原因/读成普通话的“啊”的音。纠正 /的发音部位靠后，音质比普通话中的“啊”音浑厚，音长比“啊”长。发音是，注意让舌尖离开下齿，舌的后部略微抬高，便能避免发音部位靠前，音调过高的错误。单词发音练习第一组disarm embark apart discard alarm enlarge after sharp bar star farm fast basket father halfway harm path class castle smart passed command rather第二组bath harsh discharge garment hard France bargin start disaster glasses answer spark heart master target短语发音练习take a bathask and answer in the past start a carfirst classarm in armNew year cardfor examplecalm down lose ones heartparking lot a smart boy句子发音练习Harm set; harm get.害人终害己。Far from eye, far from heart.眼不见，心不烦。Every advantage has its disadvantage.有利必有弊。Every heart has its own sorrow.各人有各人的苦恼。I feel my heart beating fast.She has a lot of interest in art.Tom failed to pass the math exam.A black car passed the theme park.The stars in the sky are far away from the earth.part two对比练习语音比较：/ /在发/ 和 /时，许多人将它们简单地等同于普通话的“啊”的音，然后人为地拖长或缩短“啊”的读音，其实二者是不同的音质。/是后元音，发音部位在舌的后部；/是中元音，发音部位在舌的中部。/是长元音，/是短元音，/的音长是/的两倍。发/时，嘴张得很大；发/时，嘴自然微张。发/时，口腔放松；发/时，口腔较为紧张，因而/的音质舒缓放松，/的音质短促而有节奏感。单词对比/ / /heart hutcalmcomelastlustcartcutdarkduckbathbushardhudstarkstuckbardbudscarfscufflesson 6后元音/ /part one 后元音/发音方法step one: 舌尖离开下齿；step two：舌身尽量向后缩；step three：舌的后部抬起，略高于/的舌位；step four：双唇自然张开呈圆形，略小于/的开口。/的特点短元音，音质清晰、短促。发/时，注意嘴的开口度较大，双唇收圆，肌肉和整个口腔放松。英、美音的差英音/有条件的与美音/对应。当英音/不出现在/f/，/s/，/，/和/前面时，美音多读作/。如：hot/ht/, not/nt/, stop/stp/,watch/w/。当英音/出现在/f/，/s/，/，/和/前面时，美音读作/，与英语/无太大差异。如：soft/sft/,loss/ls/, dog/d/, long/l/, cloth/kl/ 常见的发音错误及纠正方法：错误 把/等同于普通话中的“哦”的发音。纠正 这种错误是由于发音部位靠前，音调偏高。/是后元音，发音时应保证舌的后部抬起，舌身注意向后缩，嘴的开口较大，这样才能避免用“哦”来替代/的错误。单词发音练习第一组evolve devolve involve resolve dissolve obvious horrify solidify codify modify revolve what want watch swamp fox hot honest god lock positive occupy第二组rock response lock jalopy opera honor golf jonquil obstinate oxygen lock common odd opposite confidence第三组bog monogamy plot pocket knock gondola stop constitute plotted option obligate grotto aqua sock短语发音练习office block hot dog watch band across the seacoffee pot on holidaycommon knowledgeclock card popular songin the long term at the cost of 句子发音练习A little pot is soon hot.壶小易热，量小易怒。Waste not, want not.俭而不匮。Whats lost is lost. 覆水难收。It will be hot tomorrow.Tom lost his wallet yesterday.The hot dog cost me two dollars.This is the office block where I work.Polly washed the dishes and mopped the floor.The boss said this mistake caused heavy loss.part two后元音/发音方法step one: 舌尖离开下齿；step two：舌的后部抬高，舌位明显高于/；step three: 嘴的开口度比/小得多；step four：双唇收得比/圆，且向前突出。/的特征发/时，嘴唇收圆且开口度很小，肌肉和口腔处于紧张状态。英美音的差异英音中的/在美音中都读作/舌高：英音/比美音/略低。音长：美音/ 的音长介于英音的/和/之间。字母组合or, oar, oor, ore和our在英音中读作/，在美音中读作/r/。如：short/t/ /rt/ floor /fl/ /flr/ more /m/ /mr/ four/f/ /fr/常见的发音错误及纠正方法错误1 把/简单地看成是/的延长，人为延长/的音长。纠正 /不仅仅是音长比/长，更重要的是发/时，舌的后部抬得更高，嘴的开口度更小，双唇受得更圆，肌肉和口腔处于紧张状态，这样才能避免人为拖长/的错误。错误2 用普通话的“熬”的发音来代替/。纠正 这主要是因为发音过程中舌位发生了滑动，导致发音的错误。注意保持舌位与舌高的稳定，便能纠正此错误。单词发音练习第一组all walk raw ought applaud taught naught nautical cause sauce often salt ignore explore rapport support absorb 第二组fault laundry sought naught draw gnaw chalk flawless loft walker flaw lawn coffee shawl tongs thought mall awe malted bawdy storm caught moth walk author mothball 第三组taught hallway glossy bought loft off vault broad vaulted pause long all cause nautical caught tall law wall autistic 短语发音练习at dawn talk horse thought control sore throatwater bird court cards knife and fork raw materialin the short term walk through morning glory句子发音练习All covet, all lose.贪多必失。Pride goes before a fall.骄兵必败。Creep before you walk.循序渐进。Put the cart before the horse.本末倒置。She bought a bottle of mineral water.Geoge needs a fork to eat the porkchop.The man walking on the lawn is a lawyer.My daughter and I had a short talk in the park.Robert left at a qaurter past four in the afternoon.I must finish the report before tomorrow morning.part three 语音对比练习/boardybodyfordfoglordlothoardhotcourtcotdaughterdotportpotdoordogsortsocklesson 7 后元音 /u/ /u/part one 后元音 /u/发音方法step one：舌尖离开下齿，但不要碰到上齿；step two：舌的后部向软腭抬起，明显高于/的舌位；step three：双唇圆而小，略微向前突出；step four：牙床半合，嘴自然张开。/u/的发音特征发/u/时，双唇放松、收圆、略微向前突出，肌肉和口腔都很放松。常见的发音错误及纠正方法错误 很多人注意到/u/是短元音，因而在发音时故意缩短普通话中的“屋”的音。纠正 /u/的发音部位比“屋”更加靠后，发音时注意使舌的后部向软腭抬起，将双唇放松、收圆，略微向前突出，这样才能保证其音质短促，避免人为缩短“屋”音的不自然感觉。单词发音练习could good should wooden foot good-bye wolf took look pull bull full bullet bush hook careful bullion bully nook helpful forsook butcher push boulevardpulpit boogie booklet wood put pullman goodness rookie ambush hooded footwear sootshould crook woman book good-bye sugar brook bull bushel pudding cushion hood couldnt stood Ludwig短语发音练习on foot wool felt in the woods full of booksbull market put in some sugar cooked goose a good looking woman句子发音练习A good book is a good friend.好书如挚友。A good beginning makes a good ending.善始善终。Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事今日毕。Books and friends should be few but good.读书如交友，宜少且精。The cook is looking for some sugar.We could take a short walk in the woods.You should take a good look at the novel.The butcher pulled the bull out of the stabble.The hunter took up his gun and shot the wolf.part two 后元音/u/发音方法step one：舌尖离开下齿；step two：舌的后部抬高，靠近但不接触软腭；step three：双唇尽量收圆且向前突出。step four：嘴的开口度很小。/u/的特征/u/是十二个单元音中唇形最小、最圆的的一个。发/u/时，嘴唇、下颌肌肉和口腔处于紧张状态。英美音差异英音中的/u/与美音中的/u/对应。在英音中，当/u/出现在/t/，/d/，/s/和/n/之后时，多在/u/前加上半元音/j/,读作/ju/。如：tune /tjun/ due /dju/ suit /sjut/ new /nju/在美音中，当/u/出现在/t/，/d/，/s/和/n/之后时，一般不加半元音/j/。如：tune /tun/ due /du/ suit /sut/ new /nu/。常见的错误及纠正方法错误1 许多人注意到/u/是长元音，因而故意延长普通话中“屋”的发音。纠正 /u/不仅是个长元音，更重要的是它是一个紧张元音，这往往被人们忽视。在发音时，注意使双唇收圆并向前突出，唇形很小，让下颌的肌肉和整个口腔处于紧张状态，这样/u/才能自然舒缓，避免了认为延长“屋”音的造作感。错误2 当/u/在鼻音/n/之前时，在两音间添加元音/。纠正 这种普遍出现的“加音”的错误是由于发/u/时，舌身和舌位出现了滑动。纠正时，保持/u/的舌位不变，然后迅速发鼻音/n/，便能避免此错误。单词发音练习spoon prunes brew roof smooth boost flute who sue moon rumor through blue fruit prove room coupons gloomy true shoe smooth spook boot moon truth school cool rule foolishtruth food plumage school rude boot troupe pool cool bloom juicy loose move短语发音练习fruit dishsoup spo