中国文化翻译.doc

一、历史文化四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。ChinaliesintheeastofAsiaandithasthelargestpopulationintheworld.Chinaisalsooneofthefourcountriesintheworldthathaveanancientcivilization,Besides,ithasavastterritorywithsuchabundantnaturalresourcesasdenseforests,magnificentwaterfalls,majesticandbeautifulriversandlakes,andmountainswhosepeaksreachhighintotheskylikeswords.AllthesemakeChinaasingularlyattractiveplacetotouristsaroundtheworld.But,mostimportantly,Chinaboastsahistoryofoverfivethousandyearswithinnumerablehistoricalrelicsleftoverfromthelongpast,suchaspricelesspearlsandjewels,historicsitesandscenicspots,palacesandedificesofarchitecturalrichness,allofwhichhavewonpeoplesadmiration.YouaresuretofindgreatenjoymentfromalltheseattractionsinChina,amuch-admireddreamland.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情找，“民为邦本”，“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。ThetraditionalChineseculture,bothextensiveandprofound,startsfarbackandrunsalong,longcourse.Morethan2,000yearsago,thereemergedinChinaConfucianismrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius,TaoismrepresentedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi,andmanyothertheoriesanddoctrinesthatfiguredprominentlyinthehistoryofChinesethought,allbeingcoveredbythefamousterm”themastershundredschools.”ThetraditionalChineseculturepresentsmanypreciousideasandqualities,whichareessentiallypopulistanddemocratic.Forexample,theylaystressontheimportanceofkindnessandloveinhumanrelations,ontheinterestofthecommunity,onseekingharmonywithoutuniformityandontheideathattheworldisforall.Especially,patriotismasembodiedinthesaying”Everybodyisresponsiblefortheriseorfallofthecountry”;thepopulistideasthat“peoplearethefoundationofthecountry”andthat“peoplearethemoreimportantthanthemonarch”;thecodeofconductof“Treatothersasyouwanttobetreated”.Andthetraditionalvirtuestaughtfromgenerationtogeneration:enduranceandhardworkingdiligenceandfrugalityinhouseholdmanagement,andrespectingteachersandvaluingeducation.Allofwhichhaveplayedagreatroleinbindingandregulatingthefamily,thecountryandthesociety.汉语：从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。Inasense,Chineseisaveryoldlanguage,anditsearliestcharactersdatebacknearlyfourthousandyearsago.Duringtheirlonghistoryofdevelopment,Chinesecharactershaveevolvedintomanydifferentscriptforms,suchastheSealscript,Clericalscript,RegularscriptandRunningscript.ChinesecalligraphersusuallyrendertheirChinesecharactersinwaysthatexaggeratetheformtoyieldartisticbeauty,suchasthoseinstoneinscriptionsseenintouristresorts.Chinesecalligraphyisasubjectofartisticstudy.AsyourinterestinChinesecharactersystemincreasesinthedaystocome,wewillintroduceinduetimethedifferentschoolsofChinesecalligraphy,andhowtoappreciatetheartisticbeautyofChinesecalligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(theRuSchool)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(MasterKung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作西方的苏格拉底。Confuciuswasathinker,politicalfigure,educator,andfounderoftheRuSchoolofChinesethought.Confucianism,thegreatsystemofmoralandreligiousphilosophybuiltupontheteachingsofMasterKung.FungYou-lan,oneofthegreat20thcenturyauthoritiesonthehistoryofChinesethought,comparesConfucius9influenceinChinesehistorywiththatofSocratesintheWest.红楼梦：红楼梦问世二百年以来,通过汉文原文和各种译文读过此书的人,不知有多少亿!这么多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有的。一切文学作品,特别是象红楼梦这样伟大的作品,内容异常地丰富,涉及到的社会层面异常地多,简直象是一个宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就更加复杂，他们来读红楼梦，会各就自己的特点，欣赏该书中的某一个方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了喜爱;也可能受到打击，引起了憎恶。总之是千差万别。EversincethepublicationofADreamofRedMansionssome200yearsago,hundredsofmillionsofpeoplehavereaditsChineseoriginaloritstranslationsinvariouslanguages.Oftheseinnumerablepeople,howmanyhavereadthenovelbystartingwithaperusalofthecriticsarticlesandallowingthemselvestobeledbythenosebythecriticsastohowtoreadthenovel?Nexttonone.Allliteraryworks,especiallyamonumentalonelikeADreamofRedMansions,areextremelyrichincontentandinvolvediversesocialstrata-tosuchanextentthattheyvirtuallyresembleamountainoftreasureoralabyrinth.Andthereadersareevenmorecomplicated,differingfromeachotherinfamilybackground.Theywilleachappreciateacertainaspectofthenovelaccordingtotheirownindividuality.Theymayfeelinspiredandenlightened,andhenceloveit,ortheymayfeelhurt,andhenceloatheit.Inshort,thereactionsvary.二、传统节日春节：春节庆祝活动是一年中最重要的庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望几乎是相同的，他们希望其家人和朋友来年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动通常持续15天。庆祝活动包括春节的年夜饭，放鞭炮，给儿童压岁钱，春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节的第7天停止庆祝活动，因为全国性节假通常在这一天结束，但在公共场所的庆祝活动可能最终持续到正月十五。ChineseNewYearCelebrationisthemostimportantcelebrationoftheyear.ChinesepeoplemaycelebratetheChineseNewYearinslightlydifferentwaysbuttheirwishesarealmostthesame;theywanttheirfamilymembersandfriendstobehealthyandluckyduringnextyear.ChineseNewYearCelebrationusuallylastsfor15days.CelebratoryactivitiesincludeChineseNewFeast,firecrackers,givingluckymoneytochildren,theNewYearbellringingandChineseNewYearGreetings.MostofChinesepeoplewillstopthecelebratingintheirhomeonthe7thdayofNewYearbecausethenationalholidayusuallyendsaroundthatday,howevercelebrationsinpublicareascanlastuntilthe15thdayofNewYear.Yearbecausethenationalholidayusuallyendsaroundthatday,howevercelebrationsinpublicareascanlastuntilthe15thdayofNewYear.清明节：清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。ChingMingFestival(theTomb-sweepingFestival),thecustomisfullofinteresting.Inadditiontopayattentiontobanfire,tomb-sweeping,aswellasspringouting,swinging,Cuju,playingpolo,Liuinsertedaseriesofcustomsports.Accordingtolegend,thisisbecausetheChingMingFestivaltoColdFoodObservancebanfire,inordertopreventtheColdFoodObservancebuffetbeverages,sowecometoparticipateinsomesports,inordertoexercise.Therefore,thisfestivalwhichhasboththeacidtearsofsorrowforthediedandthelaughterfromtheplayers,isadistinctiveholiday.元宵节：与大多数中国节日一样，元宵节同样有自己的特色小吃，成为“汤圆”(也叫“元宵”)。汤圆外形圆圆的，外皮由糯米制成，内陷或甜或辣。人们都说汤圆有两个象征之意，一为农历的第一个月圆，二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节传统习俗中还有一部分是关于猜灯谜的游戏。在过去，这些谜语大多出自于模糊的文学典故和中国古典文学之中，所以猜灯谜以前多为知识份子的“领地”。踩高跷，敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节主要的娱乐活动。LikemostChinesefestivals,theLanternFestivalhasitsownspecialfood,called“tangyuan”.Theseareround,glutinousricedumplingswithsweetorspicyfillings.Thedumplingsaresaidtosymbolizeboththefirstfullmoonandfamilyutilityandcompleteness.Partofthelanternfestivaltraditioninvolvesagametoguessriddlesattachedtothelanterns.IntheolddaystheriddleswereobscureliteraryallusionstotheChineseclassicsandsoweremainlythepreserveoftheeducatedclasses.Stilt-walking,drumminganddragonandliondancingarethemainentertainmentformsoftheLanternFestival.端午节：端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinousdumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。TheDuanWuFestival,alsocalledtheDragonBoatFestival,istocommemoratethepatrioticpoetQuYuan.QuYuanwasaloyalandhighlyesteemedminister,whobroughtpeaceandprosperitytothestatebutendedupdrowninghimselfinariverasaresultofbeingvilified.Peoplegottothespotbyboatandcastglutinousdumplingsintothewater,hopingthatthefishesatethedumplingsinsteadofQuYuansbody.Forthousandsofyears,thefestivalhasbeenmarkedbyglutinousdumplingsanddragonboatraces,especiallyinthesouthernprovinceswheretherearemanyriversandlakes.中秋节：农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。传说古时候，天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中9个太阳，拯救了地球上的生灵。他偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。TheMid-AutumnFestivalfallsonthe15thdayofthe8thmonthofthelunarmonth.Itisatimeforfamilymemberstocongregateandenjoythefullmoon,whichisasymbolofabundance,harmonyandluck.AdultsusuallyindulgeinfragrantmooncakesofvariouskindswithagoodcupofhotChinesetea,whilethechildrenrunaroundwiththeirbrightly-litrabbitlanterns.ThefestivalwasendowedamythologicalflavourwithlegendsofChang-E,thebeautifulladyinthemoon.AccordingtoChinesemythology,theearthoncehad10sunscirclingoverit.HouYi,shotdown9ofthesunstosaveallthelivesoncarth.Hestoletheelixiroflife,whichcanmakepeopleimmortal.However,hiswife,Chang-Edrankit.ThusthelegendofChang-Eflyingintothemooncameintobeing.三、传统事物筷子：中国人使用筷子已经有3000多年的历史了。中国的筷子夹菜的一端是圆的，象征着天；另一端是方的，象征着地。这是因为，维持充足的食物供应是天地之间最重要的事情。中国有个古老的风俗，女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁妆，因为“筷子”与“快子”谐音。根据中国的餐桌礼仪，吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌的。将菜送入口中后，应立刻把筷子放下。吃饭时，用筷子指着别人会对其造成冒犯。Therehasbeenahistoryofmorethan3000yearsfortheChinesetohavemealswithchopsticks.Chinesechopsticksareroundontheeatingendwhichsymbolizestheheaven,andtheotherendissquarewhichsymbolizestheearth.Itisbecausemaintaininganadequatefoodsupplyisthegreatestconcernbetweentheheavenandtheearth.ThereisanoldcustominthepastinChina,thatchopsticksshouldbeapartofagirlsdowry.Kuaizi(chopsticks)ispronouncedthesameas“kuaizi”.Thelattersymbolized“quick”and“son”.AccordingtotheChinesetraditionaltablemanners,itisimpolitetoholdthechopsticksallthetimeoverthemeal.Assoonasonepersonsendsabiteintohismouth,heshouldputdownthechopsticks.Itwouldoffendotherstopointatthemwithchopsticksoverthemeal.文房四宝：在中国，笔、墨、纸、砚（inkslab），就是人们所说的“文房四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，选材制作不断趋于完善、精美，历代都有名品、名匠产生，成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了，但是，在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。InChina,“fourtreasuresofthestudy”refersto“writingbrush”,“inkstick”,“paper”and“inkslab”,playinganimportantroleinpassingonChinesecivilization.Theynotonlyhavetheirvalueofpracticaluse,butalsobecometheworksofartforappreciationandcollection.Thereisalargevarietyofthesefourtreasures.Selectingofmaterialsandmakingprocesshavebecomeincreasinglydelicateandperfect.EachdynastyofChinesehistorysawfamouscraftsmenappearandworksproduced,whichisaprofoundprocessofculturalaccumulation.Incontemporarytimes,“fourtreasuresofthestudy”havebeenincreasinglyrarelyusedforstudyorwrithing,buttheyarestillplayinganirreplaceableroleinthefieldofChinesecalligraphy,painting,collectionandintheactivitiesofcultivatingonesmind.中国结：中国结（TheChineseKnot）是一种古老的艺术形式。人们发现，绳结可以追朔到10万年前。中国人不仅用绳结来固定、包裹、狩猎、捕鱼，还用来记录事件，而且有些绳结纯粹起装饰作用。中国结具有文化内涵（culturalconnotation）。由于结在汉语中的发音与“吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、禄、寿、喜、财、安、康”，这是中国人永恒的追求，因此有些中国结表达出人们的各种愿望。例如：新婚夫妇的房间通常用一个盘长结（Pan-changKnot）来装饰，象征着永恒的爱情TheChineseKnotisanancientartformandartifactscouldbefoundasfarbackas100000yearsago.Chinesepeopleusedknotsformorethanjustfastening,wraping,hunting,fishing.Knotswerealsotorecordevents,andsomeknotshadpurelyornamentakfunctions.TheChineseKnothasculturalconnotations.SinceknotispronoucedasjieinChinesesimilarwiththatofji,whichmeansblessing,goodsalary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safetyandhealthandistheeverlastingpursuitofChinesepeople,someChineseKnotsespresspeoplesvarioushopes.Forexample,theroomofnewlywedsisusuallydecoratedwithaPan-ChangKnottosymbolizeeternallove.八大菜系：中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。Chinaisatime-honoredmulti-ethnicsnationwithavastterritoryandabundantresources,andeveryethnicgrouphasitsuniqueabundantdishes.Regionalcuisineshavetakenshapeafterlong-historyevolutionundertheinfluenceofgeographicalenvironment,climate,culturaltradition,folkcustomsandotherfactors.ThemostinfluentialandrepresentativeonesareLu,Chuan，Yue,Min,Su，Zhe,XiangandHuiCuisines,whicharecommonlyknownas“EightMajorCuisines”.Dishesinthe“EightMajorCuisines”inChinaarecharacterizedbydiversifiedcookingskills,witheachhavingitsstrongpoints.四、传统艺术京剧：京剧被奉为中国的国粹，来源于18世纪晚期的安徽和湖北的当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和代表性的，在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融合了多种艺术形式。京剧集传统音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术于一身，以华丽的戏服、逼真的脸谱和程式化的演出套路而闻名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽的颜色都有象征意义：红色表示忠诚，蓝色表示残暴，黑色表示正直。KnownasChinasnationalopera,PekingOperaoriginatedinthelate18thcenturyfromthebasisofsomelocaloperasinAnhuiandHubeiProvinces.PekingOperaisthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeofalloperasinChina.IthaswongreatpopularitynotonlyinChinabutalsothroughouttheworld.PekingOperaisaharmoniouscombinationofmanyartforms.Itisasynthesisoftraditionalmusic,dancing,poetry,acrobaticsandmartialarts.Itisfamousforitsexquisitecostumes,beautifulmake-uporpaintedface,andestablishedperformingconventionsandrules.Eachofpatternsandbrilliantcolorsonthepaintedfacehasasymbolicmeaning:redsuggestsloyalty;bluesuggestscruelty;blacksuggestshonesty.武术：武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。/为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。/武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。/老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。Wushu,orChinesemartialart,canbetracedbacktoancienttimes.ItisagemofChinesetraditionalculture.Aswellknow,thefinecultureofanationdoesnotbelongtothenationaloneanditwillbespreadtotherestoftheworldandsharedbyallhumanity./TheChineseWushuAssociationandInternationalWushuFederation(IWUF)havebeenworkingveryhardtopopularizewushuandmaketheChinesemartialartclosertotheOlympicMovement.WushuwasacceptedtojoinbowlingandinternationalstandarddanceasanOlympicdemonstrationevent./TheboomingofwushuisattributednotonlytotheattractivenessofthesportbutalsotoemigrantChinesewushumastersovertheyears./Martialartistsoftheoldergenerationshavesownwushuseedsinforeigncountries.Wushu,whichcanbeusedasselfdefenseandcankeeppractitionersfitandstrong,soonbecamepopularonnewlands.Todaysuperbwushumastersareactiveallovertheworld,andamateursareontheincreasewitheachpassingday.狮舞：狮舞（LionDance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（theTangDynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（theLanternFestival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。TheLionDanceisoneofthemostwidespreadfolkdancesinChina.Thelionisthekingofanimals.InChinesetradition,thelionisregardedasamascot,whichcanbringgoodluck.Ancientpeopleregardedthelionasasymbolofbravenessandstrength,whichcoulddriveawayevilandprotecthumans.Thedancehasarecordedhistoryofmorethan2,000years.DuringtheTangDynasty,theLionDancewasalreadyintroducedintotheroyalfamilyofthedynasty.Therefore,performingtheliondanceattheLanternFestivalandotherfestiveoccasionsbecameacustomwherepeoplecouldprayforgoodluck,safetyandhappiness.五、历史景点故宫：故宫，又名紫禁城，为明清共二十四位皇帝统治中国近500年的皇宫。它位于北京市中心，在天安门广场的北侧，形状为长方形。南北长960米，东西宽750米，占地72公顷，总建筑面积达15万平方米。故宫是世界上现存规模最大、最完整的古代木构宫殿。它分为外朝和内廷两部分，外朝是皇帝上朝处理国家大事的地方，内廷是皇帝和皇室的居住地。1987年，故宫被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产。TheImperialPalace,alsocalledtheForbiddenCitywasthepalacewherethe24emperorsoftheMingandQingDynastiesruledChinaforroughly500years.TheImperialPalaceislocatedinthecenterofBeijing,onthenorthernsideofTiananmenSquare,rectangularinshape,960metersfromnorthtosouthand750meterswidefromeasttowest,withanareaof72hectaresandatotalfloorspaceof150000squaremeters.Itstheworldslargestandmostintegralpalacemadeofwoodinexistence.TheForbiddenCityisdividedintotwoparts:theoutercourtandtheinnercourt.Theoutercourtwastheplacewheretheemperorsgaveaudienceandhandledstateaffairs,whiletheinnercourtwasthelivingquartersfortheemperorsandtheirfamilies.In1987theImperialPalacewaslistedbytheUNESCOasoneoftheWorldCulturalHeritagesites.四合院：四合院（Siheyuan）是中国传统民居中最重要的形式。它数量多、分布广，并且在汉族、满族、白族以及其他少数民族中十分流行。大多数房屋采用木制框架。主屋建在南北走向的轴线上，两个厢房则位于四合院的两侧。家庭中的长者住在主屋中，而两翼则是年轻一代的卧室。妇女住在内院。客人和男仆住在外院。这种分布符合封建礼制（feudalregulations）。四合院遍布全国的城乡，但由于各地自然条件和生活方式各有不同，因此发展出各自的特征。北京的四合院最具代表性的。SiheyuanisthemostimportantformofChinesetraditionalresidentialhouse.Itisgr