被动语态全解.doc

被动语态全解语态是动词的一种形式，表示句子中主语和谓语动词的关系，主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词才能用于被动语态。本册书我们将学习被动语态的三种时态：（1） 一般现在时的被动语态（2） 一般过去时的被动语态（3） 含情态动词的被动语态一般现在时的被动语态一般现在时的被动语态由“助动词be 的现在式am / is / are + 及物动词的过去分词 + （by）”构成。基本句式肯定式：主语调 + am /is /are +过去分词+( by)Bicycles are sold in that shop .Football is played all over the world by people. 否定式：主语+am/ is /are + not + 过去分词+（by）Bicycles are not sold in that shop .Football is not played all over the world by people. 一般疑问句： Am /Is /Are + 主语+过去分词+（by）?Is this kind of TV sets made in Guangzhou ?Is football played all over the world by people ? 被动语态的基本用法：（1） 需要强调动作的承受者时 The Great Wall is enjoyed by millions of people all over the world English is widely spoken in the world now. Water is needed badly by the crops here .(2) 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时Mr. Wang is invited to the meeting today .The problem is dealt with now .(3) 当说话人需要强调客观时 It is said that she was a beauty when she was young . 主动语态转换不被动语态的步骤1， 把原主动句中的宾语转换为被动语态的主语2， 把动词改为被动语态形式即“be+过去分词“。3， 原来主动语态句子中的主语，如果需要就放在by的后面以它的宾格形式出现（因为by是介词，后面需跟宾格作介词的宾语。）以指明做事的人或物，如果没有必要，可以省略。4， 其它成分不变5， 被动语态中“by+宾语”的省略被动语态句式中的“by+宾语”表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者，但是在遇到以下情况时，表示动作执行者“by +宾语”常常被省略。（1） 动作执行者不确定时 Paper is made from wood . Many people are killed in traffic accidents every year . (2) 不必表明动作执行者时English is also spoken as the second language as well as one of the official languagesFootball is played in most schools。（3 ） 动作执行者为一般大众时 Both English and Spanish are spoken in this area. 一般过去时的被动语态的基本句式(1) 肯定式：主语+ was /were +过去分词+by It was made in Beijing Renai Education Institute . These computers were made in the USA ?(2) 否定式：主语+was /were + not + 过去分词+ by She was not given a paniting by him . This question was not discussed at the meeting yesterday .(3) 一般疑问句：Was /Were + 主语+过去分词+by ?Were these computers made in the USA ?Was it made of bamboo?(4) 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were + 过去分词+by What was is made of ?When was it invented 教你一招如果句子为一般现在时，主动语态用do/does ,被动语态用is/am /are 如果句子为一般过去时，主动语态用did ,被动语态用was /were .由情态动词构成的被动语态的基本句式（1） 肯定式：主语+情态动词+be+ 过去分词We can change water into ice -Water can be changed into ice.She ought to tidy up her bedroom-Her bedroom ought to be tidied up.You should buy a dictionary at once -A dictionary should be bought at once by you.(2) 否定式：主语+ 情态动词+not +be +过去分词+by You must not take out any books .-Any books mustnt be taken out by you .They neednt look after the little child -The little child neednt be looked after (by them)(3) 疑问句：情态动词+主语+be +过去分词+by Can you use it ?-Can it be used ?常见的情态动词有：can,may, ought to, must , dare , need,should.主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况：1， 当宾语是反身代词时The man introduced himself as Mr.Parker .2,当谓语是表示状态的及物动词时Does the pair of new shoes suit you?We will have a meeting .英语被动语态被动语态英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如：Many people speak Chinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people. 中文Chinese是动词speak的承受者。1. 定义：被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。例如中文常说：我被他打，这就是一种被动。但有时由于句子结构上的需要也要用被动，例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”。2. 构成：be+past participle(过去分词)(简称P.P.)（+by+动作执行者）（过去分词的概念见上课）3. 当主动语态要被改成被动的时候，我们把原句的宾语提前，作为改句的主语，主语后置，作为宾语。因此有一点要注意，不及物动词由于不加宾语，没有被动形式，但不及物动词如果与某些介词构成介词短语，可以用被动。例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put是不及物动词，但put out是及物动词4. 应用到各种时态和句型,如下： 一般式（一般现在，一般过去，一般将来）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done.ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。同样的，还有，I will mend the machine.相当于The machine will be mended （by me）.进行时（现在进行、过去进行、将来进行）：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned. 完成时（现在完成、过去完成、将来完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 oclock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished. 其他时态 以此类推，可得到结果。 情态动词的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词，例如Your teeth must be brushed. 不定式的被动语态：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。）、主动语态变为被动的几个特殊情况 有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带to的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的to加上，这类动词有 let, make, have,help和感官动词feel,see,hear,watch,look at,listen to，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day. 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等 是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.在这段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁（某个过路人？或肇事司机？）送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须罗嗦。这样，这段文章就重点突出，条理清楚了。 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把间接宾语变为主语。这样句子自然些。直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语，介词to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改为This house was left (to) him by his father. 有些动词虽为及物，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换，这些动词有have, hold（容纳）,suit, fit, lack, become（适合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足够）等。 当直接宾语为反身代词、相互代词或宾语前有指代主语的物主代词时不用被动，如I shook my head.我摇摇头。 当宾语为同源宾语（与主句指同一人），动名词，动词不定式或一个从句时不用被动。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,. 在一些固定说法中，有些名词和动词结合的固定说法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word. 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词，直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时，这些动词在意思上起状语的作用，没有被动The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(这个女孩说了晚安并且亲了他的男朋友） 表地点处所组织长度大小数量程度抽象名词的词做宾语时不用被动. 某些“不及物动词+介词”短语,walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被动。 某些词用主动表被动：sell, miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel等一、 被动语态的用法：1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词； 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We cant laugh him. He cant be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.6.宾语补足语的被动语态They call hin Bob./He is called Bob.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：leave - be away, borrow - keep, buy - have, begin/start - be on, die - be dead, finish - be over, join - be in+组织机构, be a member of+组织机构, open sth - keep sth open, fall ill - be ill, get up-be up, catch a cold - have a cold, come here - be here, go there - be there, become - be, come back - be back, fall asleep - be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach - be (in), leave - be away from, get to know - know, go (get) out be out， put on wear；catch a cold have