美国文学史考试复习资料.doc

1美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives日记b、journals游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）theirvoyagetothenewland2)Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndians4)Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices 2)WishtorestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.3lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGodswillandisnottobeaccepted. 4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他们的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教观点：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGo6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.学习指南：1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPuritans?关于美国清教徒的描绘LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothepurityofthefirstcenturychurchasestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGenevahadpreached Itwasthiskindofreligiousbeliefthattheybroughtwiththemintothewildness.TheretheymeaanttoprovethatwereGodschosenpeopleenjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinHeaven.2，Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoningandrevolution)一、 美国的性质：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国-美利坚合众国。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林1706-17901）PoorRichardsAlmanac穷人查理德的年鉴annualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklinsshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.3）establishedAmericasfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege-UniversityofPennsylvania.4.firstappliedthetermspositiveandnegativetoelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar. 6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.7）TheWaytoWealth致富之道TheAutobiography2、ThomasPaine托马斯佩因1737-1809GreatCommonofMankind最平凡的人1）famouspamphletCommonSense著名的政治小册子常识itboldlyadvocatedaDeclarationforIndependence,andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。2）AmericanCrisis美国危机，signedCommonSense(p31,第一段）TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise税务员问题；CommonSense常识；AmericanCrisis美国危机；RightsofMan人的权利：DownfallofDespotism专制体制的崩溃；TheAgeofReason理性时代3、ThomasJefferson托马斯杰弗逊1）draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了独立宣言2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness.人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。4、PhilipFreneau菲利普费瑞诺poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledtheFatherofAmericanPoetry美国诗歌之父TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPrisonShip英国囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans纪念美国勇士-同类诗中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地学习指南：1.TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyeromanticinessentialspirit.美国文学史复习3（Romanticisms)一、文学特征：1、Environment:1)shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陆新环境2）arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditonsofEurope欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点：pluralistic多元化manifestationsvaried表现形式多样Individualistic个人主义conflicting矛盾3、Romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption. 4、Transcendentalism超验主义1,asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.2)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.3）theybelieveinthetranscendenceofoversoul,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.4itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyoullbecomespirituallywholeagain.” 5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”5、Literaryforms文学形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmericasprincipalliteraryforms.6、Imaginativeliterature想象类文学7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。8,Thedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconvention ofAmericanliterature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。9、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmericaslanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished“AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。10,Atmidcenturyaculturalreawakeningbroughta“floweringofNewEngland.”LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEnglandTranscendentalism,从新英格兰文学到超验主义二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contributionthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“SketchBook”见闻札记,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain”西班牙征服记AHistoryofNewYork纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；TheSketchBook见闻札记TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田庄；TalksofTravellers旅客谈；TheAlhambra阿尔罕伯拉2、JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstoriestheseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。“LeatherstockingTales”皮袜子故事集，包括“TheDeerslayer”杀鹿者、“TheLastoftheMohicans”最后的莫希干人、“ThePathfinder”探路人、“ThePioneers”拓荒者、“ThePrairie”大草原,regardas“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.”被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。thecentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo.小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波JudgeTemple:manremainsavagewithoutlawandorderTheSpy间谍ThePilot领航者TheLittlepageManuscripts利特佩奇的手稿3、WilliamCullenBryant威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet诗人asIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadconeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。“ToaWaterfowl”致水鸟themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage.用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。4、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.阿伦.坡showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic.编辑、诗人、文学评论家。GrahamsMagazine格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”鄂谢府崩溃记、“TheRaven”乌鸦thetitlepoemofacollection,“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque”述异集firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小说集。oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism个人主义,independenceofmind思想独立,andself-reliance自强.作品：“Nature”论自然、“Essays”随笔录、“TheAmericanScholar”美国学者,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”代表and“EnglishTraits”英国人、“Poems”诗集摘自论自然：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的约束没有了。6、HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴维.梭罗Emersonstruestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmersonstheories爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。“InWalden”沃尔登成名作。“CivilDisobedience”平民反抗essay随笔。非暴力不合作教义：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighborsorhisparents.我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。7、NathanielHawthorne纳萨尼尔.霍桑background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHawthorne,whoharmaperson.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。“MossesfromanOldManse”古厦青苔、“TheMarbleFaun”玉石神像特点uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofmansmoralnature.独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。（课堂笔记提及的）“TheScarletLetter”红字女主角honest,calmlyfacefault诚实，坦然的面对罪过。弗洛伊德人格理论：Id本我欲望，只要快乐Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我分辨对错，受约束，符合现实Hester女主角Superego超我Dim女主角的情人，牧师女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess“TheScarletLetter”analysis分析：itnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.HerlifeeventuallyacquiresarealsignificancewhenshereestablishesameaningfulrelationshipwithherfellowmenSymbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagerschangesitto“Able”.Laterinthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”.ThereisreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof“originalsin,”Dimmesdale,ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowonesworsttotheoutsideworld.8、HermanMelville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“MobyDick”白鲸，atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。在书中说：towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme.写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。故事人物：CaptainAhab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，wasafriendlyperson；therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe“glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife.”阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为“生命海洋中滑行的恶魔”。“MobyDick”：oneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor“searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.”HehadAhabtopmostinhismind.InasenseAhabembodiesalloftheevilheonceconsignedtoMobyDick.9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗poet诗人itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatetheimportanceofhisanthology“ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope”.Hisownpoetrybecameameansofteachingreadersofhisdaysomethingofthepossiblerangeofpoeticsubjectmatterandtechniques,ancient,medieval,andmodern.欧洲诗人及诗不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。殊荣：hebecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoetscornerofWestminsterAbbey.朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。Thegentleness,sweetness,andpurityforhispoetrywaspopularduringhislifetime.他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢迎。hewasconsistentlyhigh mindedbutconventional,anduntouchedbythereligiousandsocialstrugglesthatdisturbedhiscontemporaries.他接受正统的思想，但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。特点：exercisedagreatinfluenceinbringingEuropeanculturetotheU.S.,andlikewisedidmuchtopopularizeAmericanfolkthemesabroadwherehisworkwasimmenselypopularandwidelytranslated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评美国文学史复习4（Realism）一、Background1）Mechanization机器化2）Urbanization城市化3）Industrialization工业化4）Federalgovernment(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克吐温的镀金时代开始5）Railwaysystem工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用二、文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Midclass3）现实主义（realism）-NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenationsliterarycenter.纽约成为新的文化中心。一、时期综述：1、镀金时代TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。2、AlthoughAmericanscontinuedtoreadtheworksofIrving,Cooper,Hawthorne,andPoe,thegreatageofAmericanromanticismhadended.Bythe1870stheNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：19世纪末theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbed.反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。4、Realism：（现实主义）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点5、Naturalism：自然主义anewandharsherrealism,新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于theendofthecentury十九世纪末，因为Perceptionofsocietysdisorders对社会无序的感知。Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。Deterministic决定论，宿命的，代表作家：StephenCrane史蒂芬.克莱恩,FrankNorris弗朗克.诺里斯,JackLondon杰克.伦敦,TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞.6、Darwinism:达尔文主义:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。7、WilliamDeanHowells威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，Thearbiterof19thcenturyliteraryrealisminAmerica。十九世纪美国现实主义文学泰斗，提拔许多年轻作家Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.不加一分，不减一分，百分之百描写现实。中央视角：anobjectivepointofview二、代表作家：1、WaltWhitman沃尔特.惠特曼freeverse(自由诗体)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚“LeavesofGrass”草叶集1870thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美国历史上第一部真正的史诗Poems特点：mostofthep