休闲学答案.docx

。 I. Short answer questions: (30 points) a. Background l Industrial revolution + rapid urbanization Sample programs and practices l Sunday school l Temperance and teetotalism l YMCA (1844 in London, 1851 in New York) b. Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer activity that participants find so substantial and interesting that, in the typical case, they launch themselves on a career centered on acquiring and expressing its special skills, knowledge, and experience For examples: Golf club、tourism club、bicycle club。Casual leisure - relatively short lived, pleasurable activity requiring relatively little or no special training to enjoy it. It is considerably less substantial and offers no career of the sort described for serious leisure Some examples: television, books, music。 CPeople seek neither an absence nor an excess of stimulation, but an optimal level of stimulation .What constitutes the optimal level varies from person to person and from time to time. For examples: Roller coaster rides, bungee jumping, sky diving.d. Why people do what they do? Because these activities are intrinsically rewarding. We engage in an activity for its own sake, that is observable even among young children and animals Freedom of choice - the prerequisite Done for the own sake/voluntarily chosen/self-determined Intrinsic rewards Self-fulfillment, competence-elevating, social experiences constitute the essence of intrinsically motivated leisure Personal rewards l Perceived competence the most important l A sense of competence and challenge in leisure matched to result in optimal experiences l We avoid under- and over- challenging situations because they can lead to anxiety or boredom the notion of flow Interpersonal rewards l Engaging in leisure activities for social contact and social support Those self-determined, competence-elevating, social experiences constitute the essence of intrinsically motivated leisure. initial intrinsic motivation maybe constrained by certain factors: l Lack of opportunity to choose leisure behavior l The presence of extrinsic rewards “over justification phenomenon” l Imposition of a deadline for a completion of an activity l The mere presence of observer or evaluator l So called “if-then contingencies” e. 1.Keeping idle hands busy theory l Roots l The early Protestant movement - Idleness was considered “an enemy of the soul” and work a religious obligation because it prevented idleness l Major arguments l People are expected to be happiest or at least mentally healthy when they are busy l People who have nothing to do are expected to be more likely to engage in illegal and destructive activities Role of leisure l Leisure keeps people with too much free time on their hands occupied l Leisure keeps the mind busy distracting people from distressful thoughts that may be triggered by events such as death of a spouse or problems at work Targeted populations l E.g., older retired adults - at risk of this destructive idleness l Adolescents l Juvenile delinquency is a result of teenagers having too much free time on their hands l No socially acceptable leisure alternatives available l Boredom and consequent engagement in harmful activities such as drug use 2. Pleasure-Relaxation-Fun theory o Also known as psychological hedonism o Hedonism is a psychological theory that refers to the fact that people act in such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain o “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain, and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do” (Bentham 1789) o Pain aches, irritations, anxiety, anguish, discomfort, despair, grief, depression, guilt, remorse o Pleasure elation, ecstasy, delight, joy, enjoyment Major arguments o People seek fun or pleasurable experiences in leisure o Fun and pleasurable experiences have long lasting effects on peoples lives, which contribute to overall sense of well-being o Leisure can provide us with desirable moments of fun o Maintain a sense of well being people need to experience many small moments of enjoyment rather that rare and great peaks of pleasure Need-compensation theory l Major arguments l We all have to satisfy a variety of psychological, cognitive and social needs to live happy lives l However, due to a variety of factors we are often unable to satisfy many of those needs as fully as we would like l Leisure activities are often used to compensate or satisfy these unmet needs l Example l Work and leisure relationship II. Long essay question: (30 points) A .休闲和炫耀性消费之间的关系。休闲之事古已有之。一般意义上的休闲是指两个方面：一是解除体力上的疲劳，恢复生理的平衡；二是获得精神上的慰藉，成为心灵的驿站。她是完成社会必要劳动之后的时间，是人的生命状态的一种形式。而对于人之生命的意义来说，她是一种精神的态度，并在人类社会进步的历史进程中终扮演着重要的角色。 中国古人对休闲内容也是很讲究的，并赋予很浓厚的文化内涵，形成了独具一格的文化。如收藏字画，篆刻临帖，弈棋鼓琴，栽花养鱼等，均列为一种休闲生活的方式。其中所花去的钱是指在闲暇时间进行的休闲产品（物质的和精神的）消费活动。 休闲消费是老百姓生活质量提高的一个重要标志，同时也极富夸示价值，是有闲有钱的双重表述。此外，高品位的休闲娱乐，例如对高雅艺术的鉴赏，也是品位素养的一种彰显，可以为消费者带来荣耀。当前中国颇为流行的出国旅游、古玩鉴赏、探险越野、艺术欣赏等休闲娱乐，都有很强的夸示成分在里边。当然，这种夸示可能是消费者的有意为之，也有可能是无心插柳。而炫耀性消费就有些不同了，所谓炫耀性消费，指的是富裕的上层阶级通过对物品的超出实用和生存所必需的浪费性、奢侈性和铺张浪费，向他人炫耀和展示自己的金钱财力和社会地位，以及这种地位所带来的荣耀、声望和名誉。其实休闲与炫耀性消费的概念有时候有些相近，因为在富人的休闲生活中，他们的消费很可能就是属于炫耀性消费，而普通人即使想要进行炫耀性消费也是无法进行的，因为钱不够，所以炫耀性消费应该包含于休闲里面，关系很相近。只是用钱的多少来衡量而已。当人们提到炫耀性消费，第一个想到的是炫耀，与此相关的是大把的花钱。我们以为，炫耀性消费应当具有一些基本的标准，而这个标准的主要意义不存在于消费所产生的金额。第一个标准，是炫耀性消费应当是纯粹的消费，因此我们需要鉴别一些貌似消费而实际上是投资的“消费”：譬如千金宴请客户，其目的是为了赚更多的钱，消费只是一个幌子，一种公关手段。第二个标准，是炫耀性消费的心灵依附性。如果没有心灵上对消费所产生的高人一等的依附、如果消费的目的不是为了“显摆”，就不是炫耀性消费，譬如有的富人一点小毛病也要到大医院开高价药，这种消费只是人们对于安全和权威的莫名信任和归托而已。现代人的休闲娱乐方式和内容，可谓花样叠出，五彩缤纷。唱愈狂，跳愈疯，玩更邪，还有脚绑橡皮筋，从数十米高处头朝下往水里跳的，玩起来着实惊心动魄。大凡时尚的休闲娱乐，都要大把从兜里掏银子，卡拉OK、家庭影院、健美器械、保龄球、高尔夫、按摩桑拿、跑马赛狗，都不是一文钱两文钱可以玩的。人之娱乐，在下以为顶要紧的是追求心境淡泊雅悦，陶冶闲适的情趣，以求修身养性。花钱买来的娱乐，毕竟虚浮和短暂，况且工薪族老百姓，能衣温食饱，居安业乐，如此便为天大的好生活了，犯不着再花冤枉钱，去买那些翻天覆地，死去活来的时髦娱乐。我们应该冷静思考和研究解决大众化旅游休闲消费需求的不断增长同社会供应不相适应的矛盾，切不可把旅游规划休闲打造成“强势集团”的奢侈品，而忽略了平民对休闲生活的深切渴望。因为全年有114天节假日的工薪阶层和既“有闲”又“有钱”的富裕阶层是我国现阶段经济生活中旅游规划休闲消费的两个重要群体。很多人在脱离物质休闲之后便难觅新径，如何开拓自己精神领域的休闲？其实，我们寄希望社会在培育健康休闲环境的同时，应该更多地责问自己，因为有很多的方式可供选择。比如，好朋友不常见面也会陌生，为什么不把浪费在昏天黑地打麻将和看肥皂剧上的时间用来和老朋友谈心？这样花的钱也少了，同时也就休闲了。我们不用必须去花很多钱去玩，以为那样就会开心，其实不然，那只是心态上的浮夸而已，要区分我们想得到的是什么，休闲得到快乐，炫耀性消费得到面子。看我们想要什么了。B. Leisure is to relax, do not need deliberately to do some stimulating activities or to prepare many of the early work. it is literally of play, loosen body and mind, dont think too much, as long as it went.As a realm in the home of human spirit, leisure has been of important cultural value in the history of the progression of civilization. Investigating the social and intellectual backgrounds for the rise of leisure studes, we see the awakening of the cultural consciousness of mankind. In essence, the rise of leisure studies represents a contemplation on the future destiny of mankind, an effort to repair the fracture in the cultural spirit and value system of modern man, and an attempt, by reflecting on leisure and lifes values, to redefine the culturalspiritual coordinates for human existence an thus prompt us to look into ourselves and try to answer the important questions in life: What path are we to take in the future? What, in the end, is the meaning and worth of human life? More importantly, it demands that we learn to think how we can become human, become happy, free, and creative human beings with the capacity to pursue truth, goodness, and beauty.For Aristotle, leisure meant being occupied in something performed for its own sake or as its own end - listening to music or poetry, interaction with friends, and, most importantly, contemplation. Aristotle was a philosopher of happiness and a philosopher of leisure. Happiness can appear only in leisure. He repeats it many times- the ability to appropriately use leisure is the basis of the free mans whole life. For example, how ancient Greeks perceived leisure and what was the role of leisure in their society? Of all ancient philosophers, Aristotle was the one who wrote about it most. We should not play. For adults plays belongs to the side of occupation. We play to relax and to regenerate for work. In other words, play has a purpose. According to Aristotle, play does not produce happiness but a feeling of relief from tension and physical effort. For Aristotle “leisure is a different matter”. It has its intrinsic pleasure, intrinsic happiness and intrinsic felicity. This kind of happiness can only be experienced by people who have leisure. Most of these holidays were tied to the religious calendar (religious vs. secular). Each of them had its specific customs decorating churches, horse parades, processions, wrestling, boxing, climbing of a greased pole, races, circuses, clowns, puppet shows, dances etc. Holidays were also related o annual fairs, the traditional place for marketing goods. Many of the annual festivals such as Mardi Gras or May Day during which people drunk, dance and sign had also other subtle meaning. They were symbols of protest against the rich and powerful masters. Leisure of the aristocracy In the Middle Ages, the ar