代词资料.doc

代词代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词可以分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词。一、人称代词1、人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshehertheythemitittheythem2、人称代词的用法（1）代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格：He has great concern for them. 他很关心他们。They all like him very much. 他们都很喜欢他。She gave the books to you and me. 这些书是她送给你和我的。2）人称代词作表语时，用宾格时较多，特别是在口语中，例如：Who is knocking at the door？ Its me. 谁敲门？是我。If I were her, I would take the advice. 我要是她就接收这个意见。Imagine yourself to be me. 设想你是我。但在下面这种结构中却常用主格：It was he who did it.It is she who wants it.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格：He is more intelligent than her.He is taller than I am. 3、在使用人称代词时还应注意以下几点：（1）we, you两词有时可用来泛指一般人：We (you) have to be cautious under such circumstances.在这样的情况下大家应特别小心。We (You) should keep calm even when we (you) are in danger.即使在危急时刻也要保持冷静。They也可用来泛指某一些人：They dont allow us to smoke here. 这儿不让抽烟。（They代表谁不清楚）They dont make decent furniture nowadays. 现今做不出象样的家具。（2）she可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等：I think England will do what she promised to do. 我想英国会履行她的诺言。The “Easter” is due in tomorrow, isnt she? 东方号轮船明天进港，是吗？（3）在并列的主语中，I总放在最后：Mr. Wang and I are in charge of the work. 我和王先生负责这项工作。二、物主代词1、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。根据其句法作用，物主代词可以分为形容词性和名词性两种，见下表： 人称单数复数形容词性名词性形容词性名词性第一人称mymineourOurs第二人称youryoursyouryours第三人称His, her, itsHis, hers, its theirtheirs2、物主代词用法：（1）形容词性物主代词一般位于名词前，用作定语，限定该名词的意义。例如：I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。John cut his finger. 约翰割破了手指。Excuse me, is this your car? 对不起，这是您的车吗？His parents are in England. 他的父母在英国。2）名词性物主代词作主语：May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。Our room is on the first floor and theirs on the second. 我们的房间在二楼，他们的房间在三楼。Ours is a big family. 我们时一个大家庭。（3）名词性物主代词作宾语：You may use my pen. Ill use hers. 你可以用我的笔，我用她的好了。I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。Leys clean their room first and ours later. 咱们先打扫他们的房间，然后再打扫我们的房间。(4) 名词性物主代词作表语：The life I have is yours. Its yours. Its yours.我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。This is Toms cap, not yours. 这是汤姆的帽子，不是你的。This umbrella is yours and that one is hers. 这把伞是你的，那把是她的。(5) 名词性物主代词与of连用：He is a close friend of ours. 他是我们的一位亲密朋友。This is no fault of yours. 这不是你的错。This stand of ours is beyond reproach. 我们的这个立场是无可非议的。三、反身代词1、见下表：数单数复数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词IyouHe/she/itweyouthey反身代词myselfyourselfHimself/herself/itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves另外，one的反身代词为oneself2、反身代词的用法：(1) 作宾语：He teaches himself English at home.他在家自学英语。He can buy himself a lot of nice things.他可以给自己买好多好东西。We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。Take good care of yourself. 好好保重。He thinks more of others than of himself. 他想到别人比想到自己更多一些。2) 作表语：Im not quite myself today. 我今天情绪不好。He doesnt seem himself this morning. 今天上午他似乎不舒服。That poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。Ill be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。(3) 作主语或宾语的同位语（作主语同位语时，放在主语后或句末）：The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。I went to the cinema myself. 我独自去了电影院。You can go and ask him himself. 你可以去问他本人。We had better ask the president himself about it. 最好问校长本人。(4) 间或可以用作主语（代替人称代词）：Both my sister and myself asked to go and work there. 我妹妹和我都要求到那里工作。Charles and myself saw it. 查尔斯和我看见了这件事。(5) 反身代词还可以与某些介词连用，组成固定搭配： by oneself：自己，一个人干They made the machine all by themselves. 这机器完全是他们自己制造的。This is a machine that works by itself. 这是一部自动化的机器。 for oneself：替自己，为自己She made no complaint for herself. 她没有替自己抱怨。He has a right to decide for himself. 他有权自己决定。 in oneself：本身This is not a bad idea in itself. 这主意本身并不错。They were good men in themselves. 他们本身都是一些好人。 between ourselves：私下说的话All this is between ourselves. 这些都不能告诉别人。Between ourselves, he is a selfish man. 咱们私下说，他这个人很自私。 among themselves：之间They had a heated discussion among themselves. 他们之间进行了热烈的讨论。They were always quarrelling among themselves. 他们老是相互争吵。 to oneself：供自己用She had a room to herself. 她自己住一间房。I want a little time to myself. 我想有一点自己支配的时间。四、相互代词1、相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组，由于表示相互关系，称为相互代词。例如：It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other. 显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。We can help one another. 我们可以相互帮助2、相互代词的用法：(1) 作动词宾语：People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。They were pleased with one another. 他们彼此都很喜欢。We are all eager to learn from each other. 他们都急切的向彼此学习。说明：一般认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多。例如：He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 这些小团体通常是相互独立的。(2) 相互代词可以加s，表示所有关系，如：We should point out each others shortcomings. 我们应当指出彼此的缺点。The students borrowed each others notes. 学生们互借笔记。They have great concern for one anothers work. 他们很关心彼此的工作。五、指示代词表示“这个”，“那个”，“这些”，“那些”等意思的代词叫做指示代词。指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式1、 指示代词用法：(1) 作主语：This is the way to do it. 这事儿就该这样做。This is what I want to emphasize. 这就是我想强调的。This is a chair. 这是一把椅子。That is Lindas book. 这是琳达的书。 Whose pens are those? 那些是谁的钢笔。(2) 作宾语：We should always keep this in mind. 我们应当经常记住这一点。I like this better than that. 我喜欢这个甚至那个。Have you read this? 你读过这个吗？ I like these but she likes those. 我喜欢这些，而她喜欢那些。(3) 作表语：My point is this. 我的观点就是如此。Her plan is this. 她的计划是这样的。 His worries are those. 他的烦恼就是那些。(4) 作定语：You cant swim at this time of the year. 你不能在这个时候游泳。 I dont like that man. 我不喜欢那个人。We must get to know these tricks of theirs. 我们必须懂得他们这一套鬼花招。2、指示代词的用法区别(1) this和these一般指在空间和时间上较近的事物，that和those一般指在空间和时间上较远的事物。 例：This is a map of China and that is a map of the world. 这是一张中国地图，那是一张世界地图。 Please come this way. Well go in by that door. 请这边走，我们从那扇门进去。 2) this和these常指后面将要讲到的事物，有启下的作用，that和those常指前面已经讲到过的事物，起承上的作用。 例：I shall say this to you: he is an honest man. 我将对你说这一点：他是一个诚实的人。 He felt ill. That is why he didnt come. 他病了，那就是他没来的原因。 He broke the glass, and that cost him five dollars. 他打破了玻璃，那花费了他5美元。(3) that和those有时可用来代替前面提到过的东西，以避免重复这个名词：These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 这些机器比我们去年生产的好。The oil output in 1988 was much higher than that of 1986. 1988年的石油产量比1986年高很多。The history of China is as interesting as that of Russia. 中国的历史同俄国的历史一样有趣。 (4) 在电话中，this表示打电话者，that表示接电话的对方。 例：A: Hello! This is Bob (speaking).喂，我是鲍勃。 B: Whos that please? 请问是哪位？（美语用Whos it?或Whos this?）3、such也是一个指示代词，在句子中可用作：(1) 定语：We have had such a busy day. 我们今天忙得真够呛。I dont like such weather. 我不喜欢这样的天气。(2) 主语：Such was my immediate impression. 这就是我当时的印象。Such are the results. 结果就是如此。(3) 表语：His illness was not such as to cause anxiety. 他的病还不至于使人焦虑不安。2、 In those year they led a hard life. 在那些岁月里，他们生活得很艰难4、same也可以看作指示代词，在句中能作定语、主语、表语或宾语：She said the same thing all over again. 她把同样的话又说了一遍。The same may be said of his brother. 他弟弟也有这种情形。Our views are the same. 我们的看法是相同的。“Happy New year!” “The same to you!” “新年好！”“新年好！”六、疑问代词1、疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：指人：who, whom, whose指物：what既可指人又可指物：which2、疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较：疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk?桌上的书是谁的？What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？限定词：Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的？What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？3、 无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘？What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘？4、who通常作主语和表语，whom作宾语，例如：Who is to take the chair? 谁做主席？Who is speaking? 是哪一位（打电话）？Who(m) did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）Who(m) are you taking the book to?你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）5、Whose, what, which这三个疑问代词可以用作：(1) 主语：What happened next? 后来怎么样了呢？Whose is better? 谁的好一些？Which is yours? 哪是你的？(2) 表语：Whats your father? 你父亲是干什么的？Whose is it? 这是谁的？They are so alike, you cant tell which is which. 他们是那样相像，你都分不出谁是谁了。(3) 宾语：What do you mean? 你是什么意思？Which do you prefer? 你愿意要哪一个？Whose are you going to borrow? 你预备借谁的？(4) 定语：Which train will you take? 你搭哪一班火车？What time shall we meet again? 我们什么时候再碰头？Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的雨伞？6、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如：I cant make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。七、关系代词