直接引语与间接引语1.doc

直接引语与间接引语讲解与练习一、如何变人称：学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照 主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：宾语从句中的时态：(总的原则：主句和从句的时态要前后呼应)、含有宾语从句的复合句中如果主句的时态是现在时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等），从句的时态跟据实际需要而定。如：I know (that) he lives here. I know (that) he lived here 10 years ago. I have heard (that) he will come.、含有宾语从句的复合句中如果主句是过去时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去过完成时，过去将来时等），那么从句的时态也必须用过去时态中的一种。现在时需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1)She said. I have lost a pen. She said she had lost a pen2)She said. We hope so. She said they hoped so.3) She said. He will go to see his friend。 She said he would go to see his friend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。直接引语是客观真理。The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980。 Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, I get up at six every morning。 -He said he gets up at six every morning。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：Peter said. You had better come have today。 -Peter said I had better go there that day。三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before） 地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that), 如： He said, These books are mine. -He said those books were his.四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes. -She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, Can you swim, John? -He asked John if he could swim.You have finished the homework, havent you? my mother asked. -My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike? -He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, When do they have their dinner?- She asked me when they had their dinner.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如: Dont make any noise, she said to the children. -She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she.-She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如： He said, Lets go to the film. -He suggested going to the film. 或He suggested that they should go to see the film.直接引语变为间接引语（宾语从句）一、 直接引语变成间接引语的几个例子： The teacher told us, “The earth is round.”- The teacher told us (that) the earth is round.(2)Tom said to me yesterday, “ I like reading books.”- Tom said to me yesterday (that) he likes reading books. Lily told me, “ I want to go shopping.”-Lily told me (that) she wanted to go shopping.(4) He asked me ,“who is the woman ? -He asked me who the woman was . (5) I asked Tom, “ Where does John live? -I asked Tom where John lived.(6)He asked me, “ What can you play?” -He asked me what I could play.(7)I asked Lucy, “Are you watching TV?”-I asked Lucy if she was watching TV . (8)He asked me, “Do you have any paper?”- He asked me if I had any paper.(9)They asked the boy, “Can you speak English?”-They asked the boy if he could speak English.二.填空1.He says “I like bananas very much.” -He says (that)_.2.Where does he work ? -I dont know _.3.He asked me “Are you a student ?” -He asked me _.4.He told me “I have been to Japan twice.” -He told me (that)_.5.He asked me “when will you go to Beijing? -“He asked me _.6.He said，Where is she going？ _7.He said，Where does she live？ _8.Who lives next door？he said _9.What happened？she said _10.He saidWhere is the station？ _11.He asked，What have you got in your bag？_12.He said，Mary，when is the next train？ _13.He said，Why didnt you put on the brake？ _14.She said，What do you want？ _15.Is anyone there？he asked _16.Do you know Bill？he said _17.Did you see the accident？the policeman asked_18.Do you want to insure your luggage or not？he asked_19.Do you want to go by air or sea？the travel agent asked_20. He said，Lie down，Tom_三.选择1. He asked _ for the computer.A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _.A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the filmC. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film3. “Please close the window,” he said to me.He _ me _ the window.A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked; to close D. said to; please close4. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. He said _.A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher5. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” He _very naughty.A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy isC. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the boy was6. “Youve already got well, havent you?” she asked.She asked _.A. if I have already got well, hadnt you B. whether I had already got wellC. have I already got well D. had I already got well.7. He asked , “ Are you a Party member or a League member?”He asked me _.A. am I a Party member or a League member B. was I a Party member or a League memberC. if I was a Party member or a League member D. whether was I a Party member or a League member.8. He asked, “How are you getting along?” He asked _.A. how am I getting along B. how are you getting along C. how I was getting along D. how was I getting along9. He asked me _ with me.A. what the matter is B. what the mater was C. whats the matter D. what was the matter10. He said, “Dont do that again.” He _ me _ that again.A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; dont do C. told me; dont do D. told me; not to doHe said，Where is she going？他说：“她要上哪儿去？”间接问句：He asked where she was going他问她要上哪儿去。A 把直接问句变为间接问句时，需作下列改变：时态、代词、所有格形容词、时间副词和地点副词的变化与陈述句中的变化相同。动词的疑问式变成陈述式；在间接问句中不加问号（？）：He said，Where does she live？他说：“她住在什么地方？”相当于：He asked where she lived他问她住在什么地方。如直接问句针对主语提问，则此种变化显然是没有必要的（参见第55节）：Who lives next door？he said他说：“谁住在隔壁？”相当于：He asked who lived next door他问谁住在隔壁。What happened？she said她说：“发生了什么事？”相当于：She asked what had happened她问发生了什么事。B 如果引导动词是say，则必须换为表示询问的动词，如ask，in quire，wonder，want to know等：He saidWhere is the station？他说：“车站在哪里？”相当于：He asked where the station was他问车站在什么地方。ask，inquire，wonder也可用在直接引语中，但这时通常位于句尾：Where is the station？he inquired“车站在什么地方？”他问道。C ask之后可以接说话的对方（间接宾语）：He asked，What have you got in your bag？他说：“你的包里装的是什么？”相当于：He asked（me） what I had got in my bag他问（我）我的包里装的是什么。但在inquire，wonder，want to know之后不能有间接宾语。因此，如想要转述提及说话对方的问句时就必须用ask：He said，Mary，when is the next train？他说：“玛丽，下一班火车是几点的？”He asked Mary when the next train was他问玛丽下一班火车是几点的。如果我们用inquire，wonder或want to know，就必须省去间接宾语Mary。D 如果直接问句是由（when，where，who，how，why等）疑问词开头的，则必须在间接引语中重复这些疑问词：He said，Why didnt you put on the brake？他说：“你怎么没刹车呢？”相当于：He asked（her）why she hadnt put on the brake他问（她）怎么没刹车。She said，What do you want？她说：“你们想要什么？”相当于：She asked（them）what they wanted她问他们想要什么。E 如果没有疑问词，则必须用if或whether：Is anyone there？he asked他问道：“那儿有人吗？”相当于：He asked ifwhether anyone was there他问那儿是否有人。1 通常这两个词都可以用，但if要比whether更普遍些：Do you know Bill？he said他说：“你认识比尔吗？”相当于：He asked ifwhether I knew Bill他问我是否认识比尔。Did you see the accident？the policeman asked警察问：“你看到那起事故了吗？”相当于：The policeman asked ifwhether I had seen the accident警察问我是否看到那起事故了。2 whether可用于强调对某事必须做出选择：Do you want to go by air or sea？the travel agent asked旅游商问：“你想乘飞机走，还是想乘船走？”相当于：The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea旅游商问我是想乘飞机走，还是想乘船走。请注意whether or not的用法：Do you want to insure your luggage or not？he asked他问：“你的行李要保险吗？”相当于：He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my luggageHe asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not他问我是否要给行李保险。3 whether+不定式结构可位于wonder，want to know之后：ShallShould I wait for them or go on？he wondered他问自己：“我是等等他们呢还是继续往前走呢？”相当于：He wondered whether to wait for them or go onHe wondered whether he should wait for them or go on他问自己是要等等他们还是继续往前走。inquirewhether+不定式结构是可以的，但不常见。（关于whether+不定式，另参见第242节B。）4 如果问句含有条件从句时，用whether就比较清楚，否则就会出现两个if：If you get the job will you move to York？Bill asked比尔问：“如果你得到那份工作，你会迁到约克去吗？”相当于：Bill asked whether，if I got the job，Id move to York比尔问如果我得到那份工作我是否会迁到约克去。318 以shall Iwe？开头的问句变为间接引语以shall Iwe？开头的问句有四种类型：A 对未来事件的推测或查询：Shall I ever see them again？he wondered他问自己：“我还能再见到他们吗？”When shall I know the result of the test？she asked她问：“我什么时候才能知道考试的结果？”这种句子适用shallwill的一般规则。表示猜测时，通常由wonder引导句子：He wondered if he would ever see them again他心里想他是否还能再见到他们。She asked when she would know the result of the test 她问什么时候她才能知道考试的结果。B请求指示或征求意见：What shall I do with it？“我拿它怎么办呢？”相当于：Tell me what to do with it“告诉我该拿它怎么办。”在间接引语中这种请求可以用ask，inquire等动词加should 结构或be+不定式结构表达。对征求意见的转述一般用should：Shall we post it，sir？he said他说：“先生，要不要把这东西寄了？”相当于：He asked the customer if they were to postif they should post it他问顾客是否要把这东西寄了。what whall I say，mother？she said 她说：“妈妈，我该说点什么呢？”相当于：She asked her mother what she should say 她问母亲她该说点什么。（征求意见）当需要就某事做出选择时，在间接引语中一般用whether，有时也可用whether+不定式（参见第317节E）：Shall I lock the car or leave it unlocked？he said 他说：“我该把汽车锁上呢，还是不锁？”相当于：He asked whether he shouldwas to lock the car or leave it unlockedHe asked whether to lock the car. 他问是否该把汽车锁上，还是不用锁。C主动提出为对方做一件事或提供某物：Shall I bring you some tea？ “我给你端点儿茶来好吗？”可转述为：He offered to bring me some tea他主动要给我端茶来。请注意Would you like me to bring you some tea？（“要不要我给你端点儿茶来？”）和Ill bring you some tea if you like（“如果你愿意的话，我给你端点儿茶来”）这两个句子也可用offer 来转述。D提出建议：Shall we meet at the theatre？“我们在剧院见面好吗？”可转述为：He suggested meeting at the theatre 他建议在剧院见面。319以 will you？would you？could you？开头的问句这些问句可能是一般问句，但也可能表示请求、邀请。偶然也可表示命令（参见第284节、第286节与第320节）：He said，Will you be there tomorrow？他说：“你明天在那里吗？”（一般问句）相当于：He asked if she would be there the next day 他问她第二天是否在那里。Will you stand still！he shouted 他大喊：“站住，别动行不行！”相当于：He shouted at me to stand stillHe toldordered me to stand still他对我大喊，要我别动。他要命令我站着别动。Would you like to live in New York？he asked 他说：“你愿意住在纽约吗？”相当于：He asked if I would like to live in New York 他问我是否愿意住在纽约。WillWould you file these letters，please？he said他说：“请把这些信件存档好吗？”相当于：He askedtold me to file the letters 他让告诉我把这些信件存档。Would you like a lift？said Ann 安说：“你想搭便车吗？”相当于：Ann offered me a lift 安邀请我搭便车。Would you like to come round/Could you come round for a drink？he said他说：“到我家来喝点酒好吗？”相当于：He invited me（to come）round for a drink 他邀请我去他家喝点酒。Could you live on25 a week？he asked 他问：“一星期25英镑你够维持生活吗？”相当于：He asked if I could live on 25 a week 他问我一星期25英镑是否够维持生活。CouldWould you give me a hand？she said 她说：“请帮我一下好吗？”相当于：She asked us to give her a hand 她请我们帮她一下。CouldWould you show me the photos？she said 她说：“你能给我看看照片吗？”相当于：She asked me to show her the photosShe asked to see the photos她问我能否给她看看照片。（关于cancouldmaymightIwe？参见第283节。关于征求意见参见第131节。）320间接引语中的命令、请求、劝告直接命令：He said，Lie down，Tom他说：“躺下，汤姆。”间接命令：He told Tom to lie down 他叫汤姆躺下。间接命令、请求及劝告通常由表示命令、请求、劝告的动词+ 宾语+不定式（=宾语+不定式结构）来表示。A 可用下列动词：advise，ask，beg，command，encourage，en treat，forbid，implore，invite，order，recommend，remind，re quest， tell， urge，warn。（注意： say不包括在这些动词中，关于用say转述的间接命令请求，参见第321节。）He said， Get your coat，Tom！ 他说：“汤姆，去穿你的外衣！”相当于：He told Tom to get his coat他叫汤姆去穿外衣。You had better hurry，Bill！she said她说：“比尔，你最好快点！”相当于：She advised Bill to hurry她劝比尔快点。B 否定意义的命令、请求等通常用not不定式转述：Dont swim out too far，boys，I said 我说：“孩子们，不要游出太远。”相当于：I warnedtold the boys not to swim out too far 我警告孩子们，叫他们不要游出太远。forbid也可用来表示禁止，但多用于被动语态，不太用于主动语态。C上面所示动词要求加宾语+不定式，即它们后面必须直接跟说话的对方，不带介词。（另参见第89节。）在直接命令、请求等中常不提及说话的对方：He said，Go away！ 他说：“走开！”当转述这样的命令或请求时，必须加上名词或代词：He told mehimherusthemthe children to go away他叫我他她我们他们孩子们走开。ask与上述A所示的动词有点差别，ask的后面也可直接跟某些动词（如 see， speak to， talk to）的带 to的不定式：He said，Could I see Tom，please？ 他说：“我可以见汤姆吗？”相当于：He asked to see Tom 他要求见汤姆。（参见第283节。）但这和ask+宾语+不定式类型的请求有很大不同。ask和beg后面都可以跟不定式的被动式：Do，please，send me to a warm climate， he askedbegged 他要求请求道：“请务必将我送到气候暖和的地方去。”相当于：e askedbegged us to send him to a warm climate他要求请求我们将他送到气候暖和的地方去。He askedbegged to be sent to a warm climate 他要求请求把他送到气候暖和的地方去。D表示间接命令、请求及劝告的例句注意：直接命令通常用祈使句表示，但要求和忠告可用多种方法来表示（参见第283节至第287节）：If I were you，Id stop taking tranquillizers，I said我说：“如果我是你，我就停止眼用镇静药。”相当于：I advised him to stop taking tranquillizers 我劝他停止服用镇静药。（参见第311节D。）Why dont you take off your coat？he said 他说：“为什么不脱下你的大衣？”相当于：He advised me to take off my coat 他建议我脱下大衣。（参见第287节。）WouldCould you show me your passport，please？he said他说：“请出示您的护照。”相当于：He asked me to show him my passport他要我向他出示护照。He asked me