《轻松跨越英语极限》07.doc

LESSON SEVEN名词性从句导言 掌握名词性从句并不难。只是在我们过去学过 的三种基本句型中出现名词的位置上，根据需要将 名词扩大成一个句子，并做小小的改动。也就是说 在一个主系表或主谓宾句型中再套上一个主系表或 主谓宾的句子而已。并注意中文表达上的区别。 由连词that、if、whether 引导的名词性从句 主 语 谓 语 宾语（宾语从句） 每个人都知道 地球 围着太阳 运行。 主语 状语 谓语 主 语 谓 语 宾语（宾语从句） Everyone knows ( that ) the earth moves around the sun. 连词 主 语 谓 语 状 语 从上面的例句可以看出，宾语从句只是将宾语扩大成一个句子，并用连词 that 引导。因为 that 没有实际意思，通常可以省略。 主语（主语从句） 系 表语 地球围着太阳运行 是 一条真理。 主语（主语从句） 系 表语 That the Earth moves around the sun is a truth. 形式主语 系 表 语 主语（主语从句） It is a truth that the Earth moves around the Sun. 同样的一个句子，当把它放在主语的位置时，我们便称其为主语从句。但在英语中为了避免句子头重脚轻，通常将主语从句放在句子的后面，并用 it 代替其原先的位置，叫做形式主语。在这种情况下，连词 that 通常不省。 主 语 系 表语（表语从句） My idea is ( that ) we will go to the Great Wall on Sunday. 我的意思是星期天我们去长城。 从上面的句子可以看出将一个完整的句子置于表语的位置，便称作表语从句。 主语从句、表语从句以及宾语从句在句子中所占的位置是名词的位置，所以称它们为名词性从句。 由连词if、whether 引导的名词性从句也是完整的句子，所不同的是 that 在句子中没有实际意思，可以省略，而 if、whether 因为有是否的意思，故不可省略。 主 谓 宾语从句 I wonder if he will come. I wonder whether he will come ( or not ). 形式主语 系 表 语 主语从句 It is not clear whether she will come ( or not ).注：whether 可加 or not 而 if 不能。有时我们可以将由whether引导的主语从句放在句首，if则不能。阅读与欣赏 I slept and dreamed that life was beauty;I woke and found that life was duty.Neverforgetthatthemostpowerfulforceonearthislove. -NelsonRockefeller,Americanbusinessman 不要忘了，世界上最强大的力量是爱情。-美国实业家洛克菲勒 .N. Experienceprovesthatmosttimeiswasted,notinhours,butinminutes.-PaulMeyer,Frenchlinguist 经验证明，大部分时间都是被一分钟一分钟地而不是一小时一小时地浪费掉的。 -法国语言学家 梅耶 .P. 由连接代词who、whom、what、which、whose、how much、how many 引导的名词性从句 上面列出的连接代词代替从句中的名词或修饰名词的词,有实际词义，不能省略。who - 人（主格，也可用于宾格）whom - 人（只用于宾格）what - 物（主格或宾格）which - 哪一个（名词的定语）whose - 谁的（名词的定语）how many(much) 多少(代替名词或做名词的定语) 主 谓 宾语从句 I dont know who bought the English book. 连接代词做主语（代替人） 谓 宾 主 谓 宾语从句 I dont know what you bought. 连接代词做宾语（代替物）主 谓 主 谓 宾语从句 I dont know whose sister bought the English book.连接代词做主语的定语（代替谁的） 主 谓 宾 主 谓 宾语从句 I dont know which book you bought. 连接代词做buy的宾语 主 谓 的定语（代替哪一本） 形式主语 系 表 语 主语从句 It is clear who will be our boss. 系 连接代词做 表 主语（代替人） 主语 系 表语从句 The question is whom we will send there. 连接代词做 主 谓 状 宾语（代替谁） 主语 谓语 宾语从句 Do you know how many books he bought yesterday? 连接代词做 主 谓 状修饰宾语阅读与欣赏注：英文的所谓从句，不过是一个大句子里套了一个或者几个小句子，我们前面所学的三种基本句型是不变的，这正是英语容易学的地方。注意连词-连接代词IforgetwhatIwastaught;IonlyrememberwhatIhavelearned. -PatrickWhite,Britishnovelist 我忘了别人教我的东西，我只记得我自己学的东西。 -英国小说家 怀特 .P. Whatwelovetodowefindtimetodo. -JohnLancasterSpalading,Americaneducatorandwriter 我们喜欢做的事，总能找到时间去做。- 美国教育家、作家斯波尔丁 .J.L. Idontknowwhomygrandfatherwas.Iammuchmoreconcernedtoknowwhathisgrandsonwillbe. -AbrahamLincoln,Americanpresident我不知道我爷爷是什么样的人，我更关心的是，他的孙子会成为什么样的人 -美国总统林肯 .A. 由连接副词where, when, why, how引导的名词性从句 上面列出的连接副词代替从句中副词或介词短语，有实际意义，在从句中做状语，不能省略。where - 地点when - 时间why - 原因how - 方式 宾 语 从 句 He told me that he studied English hard in the university to go abroad five years ago. how where why when 他告诉我，五年前他在大学时，为了出国而努力学习英语。 注意上面that引导的宾语从句中划线部分，如该部分不明确时，我们就用不同的连接副词来代替并放在句首。 注意下面句子的变化和连接副词的位置。He told me how he studied English in the university to go abroad five years ago.He told me where he studied English hard to go abroad five years ago. He told me why he studied English hard in the university five years ago. He told me when he studied English hard in the university to go abroad.我们同样可以把带有连接副词的句子放在主语或表语的位置上，称为主语从句或表语从句。 主语 系 表 语 从 句 The question is how we can get so much money. 状 主 谓 宾 主语从句 It is not clear where he got the news.形式主语 系 表 状 主 谓 宾 This（that, it）is + because当主语是this, that, it时，常用because引导表语从句。Women live longer than men after retirement. Yes, that is because women can continue to do something they used to do.课堂练习一、汉译英主语 谓语 宾语从句1 我 忘记 我在什么地方见过他。用连词where置于从句句首I forget where I met him.主语从句 系 表语从句2 你想要的东西 就是 我想要的东西。用连词what 用连词whatWhat you want is what I want.主语从句 谓语 宾语3. 明天我们是否飞上海 取决于 天气。( depend on ) 用连词if(英语主语从句用形式主语it，从句应放句尾)It depends on the weather if we can fly to Shanghai tomorrow.重要提示1 学习名词性从句特别注意的是词性及词序，从词序上讲，它是主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句，从词性上看，它起到的是名词的作用。2 在进行中英文互译的时候，要特别注意中英文的不同点。例如： 主语从句 系 表语从句你爱的那个人 就是 我爱的那个人。Who you love is who I love.注意那个人在英文中应用连词who并置于从句句首，而中文却在从句的句尾。从上句不难看出，该句是一个大的主系表句型，主语是主语从句，而表语是表语从句，主语从句是个主谓宾，表语从句同样又是一个主谓宾。所以英文的所谓从句，不过是一个大句子里套了一个或者几个小句子，我们前面所学的三种基本句型是不变的，这正是英语容易学的地方。阅读与欣赏注意连词-连接代词和副词 Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten. -B. F. SKINNER, in New Scientist教育是指那些学了又忘了，最后幸存的东西。Characteriswhatyouareinthedark. -D.L.Moody,USAchurchman 暗处最能反映一个人的真正品格。 -美国教士 穆迪 .D.L. Personalityistomanwhatperfumeistoaflower. -C.C.Schwab,USAbusinessman 品格之于人，犹如芳香之于花。 -美国实业家 施瓦布 .C.C. Ifinallyknowwhatdistinguishesmanfromtheotherbeasts: financialworries. -JulesRenard,Frenchplaywright 我终于明白人与野兽的区别在于：人为钱而担忧。 -法国剧作家 勒纳尔 .J. Absencetoloveiswhatwindistofire.Itextinguishesthesmall;itinflamesthegreat. -RogerdeBussy-Rabutin,Frenchwriter 离别之于爱情好比风之于火，它能将小火熄灭，使大火熊熊燃烧。 -法国作家 比西 - 拉比旦 .R. EverymanfeelsinstinctivelythatallthebeautifulsentimentsintheworldweighLess thanasinglelovelyaction. -R.LowellJames,Americanpoetandcritic 人们生来就认为人世间所有美好的情感都不如一个高尚的行动显得更力量。 -美国诗人、评论家詹姆斯 .R.L. Successoftendependsuponknowinghowlongitwilltaketosucceed. CharlesMontesquieu,Frenchthinker 成功常常取决于知道需要多久才能成功。 -法国思想家 孟德斯鸠 .C. I dont like work- no man does - but I like what is in the work - the chance to find yourself. -JOSEPH CONRAD, Heart of Darkness我不喜欢工作没有人喜欢可是，我喜欢工作中才有的发现你自己的机会。Tell me what company you keep, and Ill tell you what you are. -MIGUEL DE CERVANTES告诉我你有什么样的伙伴，我就能说出你是什么样的人。A door slamming makes one jump, but it doesnt make one afraid. What one fears is the serpent that crawls underneath it. -COLETTE摔门的声响会吓人一跳，但不会让人害怕；真正使人感到害怕的却是在门下爬行的毒蛇。The Thrill （惊喜）Is Gone About two weeks before our fifth anniversary（结婚纪念日）, my husband asked me what I would like for a gift. I told him I wanted something impractical(不实用) and romantic(浪漫).On our anniversary（周年纪念） night, he presented me with a lovely gold bracelet(手镯).“A little four-letter word made me get this for you,” he said softly.“Oh, how sweet,” I whispered（低声说）. ”L-O-V-E?”“No, S-A-L-E. ”Dagger （短剑、匕首）Tom had a fine dagger. Saying nothing, Tom often found his dagger and wiped it when his wife got angry. She was terrified（恐惧的） out of her mind when she saw Tom doing it. So the quarrel（争吵） between them ended before it began.I cant help（情不自禁） asking, “ Did your wife fear that you would kill her?” “No, she was afraid that I would kill myself,” said Tom proudly（骄傲的）.Jack clubIve Had Enough The coach（教练）commands the players:“Right turn. Left turn! About turn（向后转）! Forward march!”One of the players leaves the line shrugging his shoulders耸耸肩.“And where are you off to?”（你到那里去）asked the coach.“Ive had enough? You dont know yourself what you want? Youve changed your mind a dozen times in a few minutes.”Mark Twains Absent-mindedness（心不在焉）The famous American writer Mark Twain was well known for his absent-mindedness. One day, when he was riding in a train, the conductor（列车员）asked him for his ticket. Mark Twain looked for the ticket in all his pockets, but without success（没有结果）. At last, the conductor, who knew the writer by sight, said:“It doesnt really matter. Show me your ticket on your way back. And if you dont find it, theres no harm done.（这不碍事）”“Oh, but there is. I must find the damned（该死的）thing, otherwise how will I know where Im going?”练 习一、 按照例句的样子分析下列句子结构。注意连词-连接代词和副词用法并译成汉语。（句子前有星号的是谚语，想想它们的含义。） 主 语 从 句 系 表 语 从 句 例： What you have done is what I will do. 宾语（连接代词） 主 谓 宾（连接代词）主 谓 你已经做的正是我要做的。1. * We soon believe what we desire.2. * What is learned in the cradle（摇篮）is carried to the grave（坟墓）.3. * What we do willingly is easy.4. * You never know what you can do till you try.5. *Who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.6. *Who chatter（说人坏话） to you will chatter of you（说你坏话）.7. *What is known to three is known to everybody.8. Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value.9. It was necessary that the astronauts（宇航员）also study geology（地质学）, the science of rocks because they would have to look for rocks on the moon.10. It is amazing（惊奇）what progress the child is making under the new teacher.11. It makes sense（很清楚）that intelligent（明智的）, friendly, and good looking flight attendants offer efficient（有效）courteous（礼貌） service to keep the customers happy; yet no one would claim that physical（外观的） beauty is prerequisite（先决条件）for good service.12. They learned how every part of a spaceship and its instruments work.13. It is interesting how NASA（联邦宇航局）chose their astronauts for landing them on the moon.14. It is true that American English and British English grew from the same roots, but gradually the language came to be somewhat different.二、 用适当连词-连接代词和副词填空。1. seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.2. the flight will take off is not certain.3. Asia is no longer it used to be.4. Do you know the nearest grocery store is?5. Ask him it cost.6. The teacher asked us we had done the experiment or not.7. As I didnt know the way, he told me we could get there.8. Tell me car you want to buy.9. Who told you she had broken her leg last month?10. Do you know sister he wants to marry?11. I dont understand he is often late for school.12. The important thing is we should find out we failed in the experiment.13. it rains or not tomorrow, makes no difference to me.14. I think it is you eat too much.15. She doesnt want to marry me. This is maybe I am not rich.16. He asked I had not gone to the party the day before.三、 完成下列句子。1