（课标通用）高考英语一轮复习 专题8 名词和主谓一致教学案.doc

专题8名词和主谓一致考纲展示命题探究基础点1名词的数(1)可数名词的数可数名词单数变复数的规则变化可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式词尾后加s或es，规则的复数构成形式如下：有些名词复数形式不是以加s或es构成，它们的不规则构成形式如下： 特别提醒合成名词的复数变化规则：(1)有中心名词的合成词的复数，是在中心名词后加s。soninlawsonsinlaw女婿passerbypassersby路人(2)无中心名词的合成词的复数，通常在词尾加s。grownupgrownups成人standbystandbys旁观者(3)名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变成复数形式。man doctormen_doctors 男医生woman waiterwomen_waiters女服务生(4)外来名词的复数形式criterioncriteria标准phenomenonphenomena现象analysisanalyses分析basisbases基础crisiscrises危机thesistheses论文bacteriumbacteria细菌mediummedia媒体(5)fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其复数形式与单数形式相同。there are many different fishes in this river.这条河中有很多不同种类的鱼。i bought five fish today.今天我买了五条鱼。(6)penny当作便士的“价值”解时复数为pence，常与数词搭配来表示钱数：five pence五便士，ten pence十便士；当作便士的“个数”解时复数为pennies。(7)people指“人”时是person的一种复数形式，指“民族”时其复数形式为peoples。one person一个人two people两个人a people一个民族two peoples两个民族(2)不可数名词的数一般地说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange(橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room (空间), man(人类)等。特别提醒(1)word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。word came that the meeting will be held on friday.有消息称会议将于周五召开。(2)集体名词的数只表示复数意义的集体名词people人，人们police警察cattle牛侧重成员时表示复数意义，侧重个体时表示单数意义的集体名词这类集体名词侧重于成员时，表示复数意义，不再变复数形式；侧重整体时表示单数意义，表示多个这样的整体时有复数变化形式。class班级family家庭team队public大众army军队government政府2名词的格(1)s所有格主要用在有生命的名词后，但有时也可用在表示时间、自然现象、度量衡、价值、国家、城市等无生命的名词后面。特别提醒(1)表示两者或多者各自的所有关系时，分别在每个名词的词尾加s或；表示两者或多者共有时，在最后一个名词词尾加s或。toms and jims fathers汤姆的父亲和吉姆的父亲tom_and_jims father汤姆和吉姆的父亲(2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers在理发店at the teachers在老师办公室at my uncles 在我叔叔家(2)of所有格(3)双重所有格特别提醒of前的名词是picture, photo, statue等用of所有格和双重所有格时意义有区别。重难点名词词形变化考法综述高考对名词的考查主要体现在名词的词性转换，即：动词与名词或形容词与名词之间的转换，这一考法主要出现在语篇型语法填空题型中；而对名词单复数的考查会出现在语篇型语法填空及短文改错题型中。命题法1考查名词的词性转化典例1why not buy a secondhand car first if you dont have enough money for a new one?thats a good _ (suggest)答案suggestion句意：如果没有足够的钱买新车，何不买辆二手的？那是个好提议。作表语，前面又有a good修饰，所以应填可数名词单数形式suggestion。典例2her motivate for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education._答案motivatemotivation句意：她写作的动机源自为女性争取接受高等教育的权利。设空处前边为her而且要作主语，故用名词形式。motivation为不可数名词，不需变化。【解题法】(1)掌握同一词根的名词的形容词、动词形式。(2)在语法填空中，会给出形容词或动词形式作为提示词，考生要分析句子结构观察空格前是否有冠词、物主代词、形容词、指示代词、动词、介词等，分析所填词是否是名词。确定是名词后，若有提示词首先考虑词形变化，然后判断是否是可数名词、是否需要单复数形式变化；若无提示词，考虑固定短语。(3)在短文改错中，往往考查名词、动词、形容词的混用，考生要分析句子成分，明确使用哪一词性的词，找到错误加以改正。命题法2考查名词的单复数典例3id skipped nearby guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the li river which are pictured by artists in so many chinese _ (painting)答案paintings句意：我曾与桂林擦身而过，那是游客尽览石灰岩群峰和漓江绿水的梦幻之境，是艺术家们在很多中国绘画作品中描绘的地方。painting是可数名词，many修饰可数名词复数，故填paintings。典例4since thenfor all these yearwe had been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please._答案yearyears句意：自那以后，所有这些年，我们一直让西红柿随意生长。year是可数名词，而限定词these修饰可数名词复数形式，故将year改为years。首先考虑名词的形式，如果限定词是表复数意义的词，如these, those等，而名词又是可数名词时，则考虑将其改为复数形式。【解题法】(1)掌握名词的单复数形式，会分析句子成分，根据上下文的理解及一些固定用法判断应使用的单复数。(2)在语法填空中，根据所给的提示词，结合上下文，参考谓语动词的单复数判断出应使用单数还是复数。(3)在短文改错中，应结合语境，上下文的提示，所用谓语动词的单复数，固定短语等判断出应使用的正确形式，找到错误并改正。a单句填空1in addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their _ (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.答案ability句意：除了它们的简单美之外，这种土坯房值得赞扬的是它们不用电力设备就能给房间制冷的能力。根据前面的物主代词their可知后面应用名词，故应用able的名词形式ability。2some schools will have to make _ (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.答案adjustments句意：为了与国家的足球改革保持一致，一些学校不得不进行调整。make adjustments是固定搭配，意为“进行调整”。3go and say sorry to your mom, dave.id like to, but im afraid she wont be happy with my _ (apologize)答案apologies/apology句意：去向你的母亲道歉，大卫。我想去，但是我怕她对我的道歉不满意。根据句子结构可知，这里需要一个名词作介词with的宾语。又因为apology是可数名词，所以这里也可用复数形式。4.for most of us the _ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.答案changes句意：对我们大多数人来说，这种变化是逐渐的，而且需要很多努力和工作，比如清理被污染的河流。所填词作主语，其前是定冠词，所以应为名词；根据are可知应用复数形式。5.ill stop and take a deep_.答案breath句意：我要停下来深吸一口气。take a deep breath意为“深呼吸”，是固定短语。6zhangzhou city has gained a good _ (repute) for having successfully hosted the flower expo.答案reputation句意：漳州市因成功举办了花卉博览会而赢得美誉。由空前的冠词a及形容词good，可断定此处应用名词单数形式。repute为不可数名词，故填reputation。gain a good reputation意为“获得好名声”。7the video, under the dome, has rapidly pushed the public _ (aware) about air pollution and encouraged people to join in efforts to make a difference.答案awareness句意：视频“穹顶之下”迅速提高了公众对空气污染的意识，并鼓励人们通力合作有所作为。public后应用名词，所以填awareness。8_ (curious) is part of childrens nature. they always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.答案curiosity句意：好奇是孩子们天性的一部分。他们总是对什么都刨根问底。设空处为主语，因此本空需用名词形式。9thank you very much for everything. youve been so helpful.my_ (please). just let me know if there is anything else i can do for you.答案pleasure句意：非常感谢你所做的一切。你对我们帮助太大了。不客气。如果还有其他什么我可以帮得上忙的，只管告诉我。形容词性物主代词后需要用名词，please的名词形式为pleasure。my pleasure(对别人表示感谢的一种礼貌回答)意为“不客气，很乐意效劳”。10if a young man wants the _ (flexible) to move to a different city in future years, he should keep renting instead of buying a house.答案flexibility句意：如果一个年轻人想要在未来的几年里可以随意搬到不同的城市，他应该租房而不是买房。考查名词。flexibility意为“弹性，灵活性”。b单句改错1one of the most effective ways to reduce stressful is to talk about feelings with someone you trust._答案stressfulstress句意：减轻压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈感受。设空处作动词reduce的宾语，故用名词形式。reduce stress意为“减压”。2there is no need to tell me your answer now. give it some think and then let me know._答案thinkthought句意：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案，认真考虑一下然后再让我知道。some后需用名词形式，而thought作“考虑，思索”讲时为不可数名词，故答案为thought。give sth. thought意为“认真考虑某事”。3when he was running after his brother, the boy lost his balanced and had a bad fall._答案balancedbalance句意：这个男孩在追他哥哥的时候失去了平衡，重重地跌了一跤。根据题干中的had a bad fall可推知设空处应为balance。lose ones balance意为“失去平衡”。4my parents always attach great important to my getting a good education._答案importantimportance句意：我的父母一直认为，我接受好的教育是非常重要的。attach importance to意为“认为很重要”。5we most prefer to say yes to the request of someone we know and like._答案requestrequests句意：我们更愿意满足自己熟悉且喜欢的人所提的要求。根据前面的定冠词判断，本空需要用名词形式；request作“要求”讲是可数名词，此处是泛指，所以用其复数形式。6so i asked her why she sat there in silent._答案silentsilence句意：因此我问她为什么坐在那里沉默不语。in silence意为“沉默”，位于介词后，作宾语，用名词形式。7they can decide to change their cultures in order to meet various situation._答案situationsituations句意：为了适应各种形势，他们可以决定改变他们的文化。可数名词situation前有various修饰，故填复数形式。8for that moment, everything bad or terrible that has happened to him is removed, because that smile is what gives him the determine to love himself._答案determinedetermination句意：在那一刻，一切发生在他身上的不幸都随风而去了，因为那个微笑给了他爱自己的决心。在定冠词后需接名词形式，且determination作“决心”讲时是不可数名词。故改为determination。9i suppose the teacher will take his ill into account and give him a pass._答案illillness句意：我认为老师会考虑到他的疾病，让他通过考试。作take的宾语，有形容词性物主代词his修饰，故填名词；illness在此指“疾病”，是不可数名词，不需要复数形式变化。10was it because of his lazy that he didnt do the experiment successfully?_答案lazylaziness句意：是他的懒惰导致他做实验不成功的吗？分析句子结构可知，空格前面有人称代词his，所以这里要用名词形式。基础点主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。一般可根据三个原则来确定：语法一致原则(主语的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数)、意义一致原则(形单意复的名词或形复意单的名词，要根据其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数)、就近一致原则(谓语动词的单复数取决于离它最近的主语)。1语法一致原则主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)动名词、动词不定式、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。listening_to_music_makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。to_love and to_be_loved_is the greatest happiness in the world.爱人和被人爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。everything_is in a complete mess, which drives people crazy.所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。特别提醒what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。what_he_said_is far from the truth.他的话与事实相差太远了。what_the_school_needs_are qualified teachers.这个学校需要的是有能力的教师。(2)主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with, together with, as well as, along with, besides, like, but, except, including, rather than, in addition to等，谓语动词的人称和数与主语的人称和数保持一致。the_leader_and_artist_as_well_as some of our english teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。(3)and, both. and.连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词需用单数形式。her_teacher_and_her_friends_are in the sittingroom.她的老师和朋友都在客厅。the_poet_and_writer_has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。在“itbe被强调部分that/who.”强调句型中，be一般用单数形式。如果强调的是主语，that/who后的谓语动词由被强调部分决定。i know the_man who likes singing.我认识那个喜欢唱歌的人。it is i who am going to be a pilot.是我即将成为一名飞行员。(5)“more than one/many a单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。more_than_one_person_is involved in this.与此事有牵连的不止一个人。(6)“every/each/no单数名词andevery/each/no单数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词常用单数，有时可将第二个every/each/no省略。every_hour_and_every_minute is very important.每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。(7)表示复数概念的both, (a) few, many, several等作主语或主语被这些词修饰时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。both_the_instruments are not precise ones.这两种仪器并不都是精密仪器。(8)代词each, another, the other, either, neither或“some/any/no/everyone/thing”构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。neither of us has gone through regular training.我们两个都没受过正规的训练。nobody wants to go there, do they?没人想去那里，是吗？(9)trousers(裤子)，clothes(衣服)，glasses(眼镜)，chopsticks(筷子)，scissors(剪刀)，compasses(圆规)，gloves(手套)等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但当主语被kind of/type of/pair of/amount of等修饰时，谓语动词的形式须根据pair/kind/type/amount等的数而确定。jims_trousers are brown.吉姆的裤子是棕色的。this_pair_of_trousers was made by master li.这条裤子是李师傅做的。(10)表示“加(减、乘、除)(等于)”的结构作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。99 and 2 is 101.99加上2等于101。two times four is eight.2乘以4等于8。2逻辑意义一致逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时主语形式为复数，但意义为单数)。(1)由“a lot of/plenty of/the rest of/the majority of名词”构成的短语以及由“百分数/分数名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据短语中的名词来定。如果名词表示复数概念，则谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词为不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果名词是集合名词，谓语动词多用复数形式。three_quarters of the surface of the earth is covered by water.地球表面的四分之三被水覆盖。the_rest_of the apples are red.剩余的苹果是红色的。the_rest_of the ink is black.剩余的墨水是黑色的。(2)none作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。none of us seem to have thought of it.我们似乎都没有想到这一点。none of us has got a camera.我们都没有相机。(3)all单独作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示事物时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。all are eager to reach an agreement.大家都想达成一致意见。all is well that ends well.结果好，一切都好。(4)“a number of复数名词”表示“许多”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“the number of复数名词”表示“的数量”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。a_number_of_students are going for a picnic this weekend.这个周末许多学生将去野炊。the_number_of_days in february this year is 28.今年二月份的天数是二十八天。(5)“the形容词”作主语，若表示一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；若表示一种抽象概念或品质，谓语动词用单数形式。the_young,_on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. on the other hand, the_old always consider the young inexperienced.一方面，年轻人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为年轻人缺乏经验。the_beautiful is not always the useful.好看的不一定总是实用的。(6)形式为复数、意义为单数的名词(词组)作主语时的主谓一致问题。表示时间、距离、金额、重量、空间、体积等意义的复数名词作主语时通常作整体来看，谓语动词用单数形式。eight_hours of sleep is enough.八小时的睡眠足够了。ten_pounds was missing.10英镑不见了。(7)集合名词作主语时的主谓一致问题。people, police, cattle, youth等表示“总称”的集合名词作主语时，谓语动词一律用复数形式。the_police are looking into the accident.警方正在调查这起事故。audience, class, crew(全体船员)，committee(委员会)，family, team, group, population等作主语时，如果指一个整体，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果指组成集体的成员，则谓语动词用复数形式。our_class is made up of fifty students.我们班由五十个学生组成。our_class are working very hard.我们班的人学习都很努力。the_population of china is very large and eightyfive percent of the_population are farmers.中国人口非常多，而且85%是农民。(8)sheep, means等单复数同形的名词作主语时，要根据具体情况来确定谓语动词的数。every_means has been tried.一切方法都试过了。lots_of_means have been worked out.许多方法被想了出来。(9)一个单数名词被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数形式；但如果表示的是同一个概念，则谓语动词用单数形式。ancient_and_modern_history are the subjects we are studying.古代史和现代史是我们正在学习的课程。the_last_and_most_difficult_lesson is lesson 14.第14课是最后一课，也是最难的一课。3就近一致原则就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。(1)当or, nor, either.or.，neither. nor., not only. but also., not.but.等连接并列主语时，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。not_only the door but_also_the_windows are open.窗户和门都开着。either you or_he_is to take part in the competition.要么你去参加竞赛，要么他去。(2)在here, there置于句首的倒装句中，当主语不止一个时，谓语动词通常与其邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。there stands_the_teaching_building between the two rows of trees.教学楼矗立在两排树之间。there are_three_chairs,_a desk and a computer in the room.房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。重难点1定语从句中的主谓一致(1)引导词who, that或which在定语从句中作主语，定语从句中谓语动词的数与定语从句所修饰的名词或代词的数保持一致。如果定语从句修饰前面的整个句子，那么定语从句中谓语动词用单数。the_cake which is on the table is yours.桌子上的那块蛋糕是你的。the_cakes which are on the table are yours.桌子上的那些蛋糕是你的。典例1(用一般现在时)john as well as the other staff members who _ (be) working in this worldfamous company _ (be) to attend its 90th anniversary.答案are; is考查定语从句及主谓一致。第一空所在从句的主语为who, who代替的是先行词the other staff members，所以谓语动词用复数形式；第二空所填词是主句的谓语，而主句主语是由as well as连接的并列结构，主句谓语动词应与as well as前的部分在人称和数上保持一致，所以用is。(2)“one of可数名词复数定语从句”结构如果one前面没有限定词，这个句型中的“可数名词复数”是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数；如果one前面有the only, the first, the last, the right等限定词对其进行修饰，则one是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。试比较：john is the_only one of the students who has the keys.那些学生中只有约翰有钥匙。john is one_of_the_students who have the keys.约翰是那些有钥匙的学生中的一员。2倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致(1)倒装句中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致，即谓语后面的主语是单数，动词用单数；谓语后面的主语是复数，动词用复数。a_building stands in front of us.in front of us stands a_building.我们面前矗立着一栋楼。rows_of_fruit_trees were on either side.on either side were rows_of_fruit_trees.在两边有一排排的果树。(2)在强调句中，如果被强调的成分是原来句子的主语，引导词that(或who)后面的谓语与被强调的成分在人称和数上保持一致。i am a doctor.it is i who am a doctor.我是一名医生。he is a doctor.it is he who is a doctor.他是一名医生。典例2it is not i but you who _ (be) the first to run to the goal in that competition.答案are当被强调部分是句子的主语时，谓语的人称和数常与被强调部分保持一致。not.but.连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则，故填are。考法综述分析句子成分，找准句子主语，判断句子主语是单数还是复数。再根据主谓一致的三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则及就近原则判断谓语动词的单复数。命题法考查主谓一致典例1all we need _ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.答案is句意：我们所需要的只是一小块土地，在整个一年的生长季节，我们能够种各种不同的果树。句中的主语为all, we need为省略了that的定语从句，谓语单复数要看表语，表语为a small piece of land，故谓语动词用单数形式。再根据从句中的can可以判断用一般现在时。故填is。“all定语从句”作主语，谓语动词的数往往取决于后面的成分，本题中的表语为a small piece of land，故谓语动词用单数。典例2it is important to remember that success are a sum of small efforts made each day and often take years to achieve._答案areis, taketakes句意：重要的是要记住，成功是每天做出的小努力的积累而且花很多年才能达到。因为主语success是单数，由句首的is可知是一般现在时态，结合起来用is和takes。【解题法】(1)解决主谓一致问题，最关键是要找准作主语部分的中心词，从而确定谓语动词的单复数。例如主语后面有with, together with, along with, as well as, rather than, including, except/but等词或短语；主语是分数、百分数、不定代词、非谓语动词、从句、集体名词等；主语是单复数同形的名词、表示整体意义的名词等。另外，解题时还要注意倒装句，定语从句等句式中的主语的确定。(2)在语法填空中，要分析句子结构结合句意，认清主语，有时需结合表语来判断谓语的单复数，掌握主谓一致的三个原则即意义一致，语法一致和就近原则。(3)在短文改错中，考查谓语单复数的错用。需认真分析句子结构，找到真正的主语，结合各个一致原则找到错误并改正。a单句填空1yangshuo _(be) really beautiful. a study of travelers conducted by the website tripadvisor names yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.答案is句意：阳朔很漂亮。根据后文的时态可知这里使用一般现在时，又因为yangshuo是单数名词，所以这里用is。2the famous musician, as well as his students, _ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 taipei flower expo.答案was invited主语后带有as well as连接的成分时，谓语动词应和主语保持人称和数的一致，故谓语动词应与the famous musician在数上保持一致，故用第三人称单数形式；且musician与invite之间为被动关系，再根据句中标志词at the opening ceremony of the 2012 taipei flower expo可知，应使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was invited。3generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others _ (be) essential to their development.答案is句意：一般来说，学生们的内在动机及来自他人的高期望对他们的发展是重要的。由with连接的两个成分作主语，即a with b，谓语动词的单复数应该和a保持一致，所以本句谓语动词应该和students inner motivation保持一致，用单数。本句说的是一般情况，所以用一般现在时态。4the university estimates that living expenses for international students _ (be) around $8,450 a year, which is a burden for some of them.答案are句意：这所大学估计留学生一年的生活费用大约是8450美元，这对于他们中的一些人来说是个负担。因为宾语从句的主语是living expenses，是复数，所以谓语动词要用复数形式are。5all the scientific evidence shows that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ (be) damaging our health.答案is句意：所有的科学证据都表明，化学制品在农业上使用得越来越多，而这正在危害我们的健康。that引导的从句为宾语从句，且从句的主语是use，为不可数名词，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；本句说的是客观事实，故时态应用一般现在时。6i cant remember her face now but recalling the incident _ (make) me happy.答案makes句意：我现在记不起她的脸了，但是回顾那次事件让我很高兴。动名词短语recalling the incident作主语，谓语动词用单数。7saving money _ (be) what you need to start several months before you move out.答案is句意：省钱是你开始行动之前几个月需要开始的。动名词短语saving money作主语，谓语动词用单数。8i was paid nine dollars an hour, which _ (be) three dollars more than the school post office paid us.答案was句意：我每小时被支付九美元，这比学校邮局支付我们的要多三美元。作定语从句主语的关系代词which指代nine dollars；表示钱数的名词复数形式作主语，谓语动词用单数；根据主句时态判断此空填was。9but nothing has prepared the bears for the dan