第八章 连词.docx

Point连词是虚词，起着连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的作用，所以连词不能独立担任句子的成分。连词包括并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、词组或分句，如and，or，but，so，for，bothand，eitheror，neither.nor，not only.but also等都是并列连词。从属连词用来引导从句，如that，when，till，until，after, before，since，because, if, whether, though, although, so.that, so that, in order that, as soon as，as.as等都是从属连词。本章将分别讲述一些主要连词的用法。典型例句：1. Li Lei and Jim are good friends.（李雷和吉姆是好朋友。）(and是并列连词)典型例句：2. I think that he is sleepy.（我想他困了。）（that是从属连词）1. 并列连词1.1 and：和，而且I like basketball, football and table tennis.（我喜欢篮球、是球和乒乓球。）Brother and l went to the bookstore yesterday.（我和哥哥昨天去了书店。）1.1.1 and的基本用法and意为“和”“而且”，用来连接对等关系的词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子。He stood up and put on his hat.（他站起来，戴上帽子。）（and连接两个动词短语）I went to the Summer Palace and he went to the Forbidden City.（我去了颐和园，他去了紫禁城。）（and连接两个句子）补充 如果是连接三个或三个以上的单词或词组，and一般放在最后一个单词或词组前。 and在译成中文时，不一定要翻译出“和”来。1.1.2 and的特殊用法and 用在祈使句中，句型为“祈使句，and”，相当于“If you.,youll.”。 Use your head, and youll find a way.（动动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。）=If you use your head, youll find a way. （如果你动动脑筋，你就会想出办法。）Hurry up, and youll catch the bus. （快点儿，你就会赶上公共汽车。） = If you hurry up, youll catch the bus. （如果你快点儿，就会赶上公共汽车。）1.2 or：或，或者；否则Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai?（李明来自北京还是来自上海？） He never smokes or drinks.（他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。）1.2.1 or的基本用法or 意为“或”，用于两者之中选择一个的时候。Tom or I am right.（汤姆或者我是对的。）Are you coming or not? （你来还是不来？）Would you like coffee or tea?（你想要咖啡还是茶？）说明 ”A or B”作主语时，谓语动词随or后面的词(B)而定，因此例句中的谓语动词服从I,用am。1.2.2 or的特殊用法or 用于祈使句中，句型为“祈使句，or=If you dont., youll.”, 意为“请，否则”，有转折的意思。Hurry up, or youll miss the bus.（快点儿吧，否则你就会误了这班公共汽车。）=If you dont hurry up, youll miss the bus.（如果你不快点儿，就会误了这班公共汽车。）Turn the heat down, or the food will burn.（请把炉火开小些，否则食物就烧焦了。）=If you dont turn the heat down，the food will bum.（如果你不把炉火开小些，食物就会烧焦。）Study hard, or youll fail in the exam.（好好学吧，否则你就会考试不及格。） =If you dont study hard, youll fail in the exam.（如果你不努力学习，就会考试不及格。）补充or疑问句的读法 or前面的部分用升调，后面的部分用降调。1.3 but：但是，可是，而He is old, but he looks very young.（他年纪大了，但他看起来很年轻。）They came here not for money but for life.（他们到这儿来，不是为了钱，而是为了生活。）1.3.1 but的基本用法but 意为“但是，可是，而”，表示转折关系。Li Li likes the violin but doesnt like the piano.（李莉喜欢小提琴，不喜欢钢琴。）（but后面省略了主语Li Li，因为与前面的主语成分相同）Mary likes the violin, but Tom doesnt.（玛丽喜欢小提琴，而汤姆不喜欢。）（doesnt后面省略了like the violin,因为与前面的成分相同）He isnt a teacher but a doctor.（他不是老师，而是医生。）说明 but所连接的句子中，如果but后面的某些成分与前面相同，则可以省略。1.3.2 but的特殊用法but 还可以表示“除了以外”。No one but she knew about it exactly.（除了她之外，没有人确切地知道那件事。）重要 but和although不能在一起连用。 It was raining hard, but they went on working.= Although it was raining hard, they went on working.（虽然下着大雨，但是他们仍继续工作。）i1.4 so和forIt began to rain, so we had to stay here.（开始下雨了，所以我们不得不呆在这儿。）We cant go, for its raining.（我们不能走，因为正在下雨。）1.4.1 so: 所以，因此；于是；非常；也，同样I had a headache, so I went to see a doctor.（我头疼，因此我去看医生了。）It was too dark, so I couldnt see anything.（天太黑了，所以我什么也看不见。）补充so作副词时的用法 so除了作连词外，也可以作副词。此时，so经常有以下两种意思： so用于代替上面所说的事情，意思是“如此，如是”。 A:I hope you can pass the exam.（我希望你能通过考试。） B:I hope so.（我希望如此。）so用于表示达到某种程度，意思是“这么，那么”。 Dont walk so fast.（别走得这么快。）1.4.2 for：因为I soon went to sleep, for I was tired.（我很快就入睡了，因为我太累了。）We expected his coming, for he would bring good news.（我们盼望他的到来，因为他会带来好消息。）I do not believe him, for he never tells the truth.（我不相信他，因为他从来不说真话。）比较 for和because的区别 for 和because都可译为“因为”，但两者是有区别的。 for只表示说明、解释，从某一现象推断出某一结果，前后并不存在因果关系。 The sun has risen， for the birds are singing（太阳升起来了，因为小鸟在唱歌。） because用于解释某事的原因、动机，强调因果关系，可用于回答why引导的问句。 A: Why shouldnt I come?（为什么我不应该来？）B: Because youre too busy（因为你太忙了。）1.5 both. and：和；既也He can play both the violin and the piano.（他既会拉小提琴，又会弹钢琴。）Both Beijing and New York have traffic problems.（北京和纽约都有交通问题。）1.5.1 由both.and构成的词组作主语由both.and构成的词组作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。在“both.and”句型中，and所连接的词或词组要对等。Its known that both Li Ming and Li Li are good students.（大家都知道李明和李莉都是好学生。）补充 两者用both，三者以上用all。 They are all fine，too.（她们也都很好。）（all指三人以上）1.5.2 both.and的否定句表示部分否定He cant play both the violin and the piano.（他会拉小提琴或者会弹钢琴。）（表示这两者不全会）Both Li Ming and Li Li are not good students.（李明和李莉不都是好学生。）（表示其中一个是好学生）1.6 either.or, neither.norI want to visit either Tianjin or Shanghai.（我想去天津或者上海游玩。）I like neither Chinese nor English.（中文和英文我全不喜欢。）1.6.1 either.or：或或；不是就是A 由either.or构成的词组作主语时，谓语动词随其邻近的词，即随or后面的 主语而定。Either you or he is right. （不是你就是他是对的。）Either my sister or my mother comes. （不是我妹妹就是我母亲过来。） B or前后的词性必须一致。Can you speak either Chinese or English? （你会说汉语或英语吗？）Either you or he has to clean the room.(不是你就是他必须打扫房间。）C either.or的否定句是完全否定。Either you or he isnt right.（你和他都不对。）I dont want to visit either Tianjin or Shanghai.（天津和上海我都不想游览。）例外 eitheror用于选择两者之中的一者，但有时候也用于在三者之中作出选择。 You can have either coffee, tea or juice.（你可以要咖啡、茶或者果汁。）1.6.2 neither.nor：既不也不A 由neither.nor构成的词组作主语时，谓语动词的用法和either.or的用法一样，由其邻近的nor后面的主语而定。nor前后的词性必须一致。Neither he nor I speak a foreign language.（他和我都不会说外语。）Neither you nor he was selected for the job.（你和他都没有被选上做这个工作。）He can neither read nor write.（他既不会读也不会写。）B neither.nor本身是全否定，故不能再加not。(O) Neither you nor I am right.（你和我都不对。） () Neither you nor I am not right.比较 both.and，either.or，neither.nor的用法比较1 肯定句 I like both A and B我喜欢A和B。 I like both coffee and tea.（我喜欢咖啡和茶。咖啡和茶我都喜欢。2 否定句I dont like both A and B=I like either A or B. 我喜欢A或B。 I like either coffee or tea.=I dont like both coffee and tea.（咖啡和茶， 我喜欢其中之一。）3 否定句 I dont like either A or B=I like neither A nor B. A和B我都不喜欢。 I dont like either coffee or tea. =I like neither coffee nor tea.（咖啡和茶，我都不喜欢。）1.7 not only.but also：不但而且Not only you but also your father is coming. （不但你，而且你父亲也要来。）Jane is not only beautiful but also kind.（简不但漂亮，而且人也非常好。）A not only.but also意为“不但而且”，它构成的词组担任主语时， 谓语动词随邻近的but also后面的主语而定。Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan.（不但学生们，而且老师也反对这个计划。）Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.（不但老师，而且学生们也反对这个计划。）B not only.but also连接对等的词或词组。I not only play tennis but also practise shooting.（我不仅打网球，而且还练习射击。）He plays not only the piano but also the violin.（他不仅弹钢琴，而且还拉小提琴。）They speak English not only in class but also in the dormitory.（他们不仅在课堂上，而且在宿舍也说英语。）C not only.but also句型可以和as well as互换。not only A but also B=B aswell as A, 但前者强调的重点B在but also之后；后者强调的重点B在as well as之前。英译汉时，要先译as well as后面的词。The child is not only healthy but also lively.= The child is lively as well as healthy.（达孩子既健康又活泼。）It concerns not only me but also you.= It concerns you as well as me. （这件事不但与我有关，而且也与你有关。）一1.8 比较not only.but also, as well as和both.and A not only.but also（不但而且） as well as（又，不但而且） both.and（既又）这三个词组有时可以通用，但也有细微差别。 This book is not only interesting but (also) instructive.（这本书不但有趣而且有教育意义。）（有时but also中的also可以省略）This book is instructive as well as interesting. （这本书不但有趣而且有教育意义。）This book is both interesting and very instructive.（这本书既有趣又有教育意义。）The actor can not only play well but also write well.（这位演员不但戏演得好，而且字写得也很好。）The actor can write well as well as play.（这位演员不但戏演得好，而且字写得也很好。）The actor can both play and write well.（这位演员演技和书法都很好。）Not only he but also his mother will be there.（不但他，而且他的妈妈也要去那里。）His mother as well as he will be there.（不但他，而且他的妈妈也要去那里。）Both he and his mother will be there.（他和他的妈妈都要去那里。）重要 not only A but also B=B as well as A= both A and B不仅而且也补充 both.and的反义短语为neither.nor或not either.or，意为“既不也不.”。B not only A but also B=B as well as ANot only you but also my brother is going to visit the museum again.= My brother as well as you is going to visit the museum again.（不但你而且我哥哥也打算再去参观一下这个博物馆。）(注意you和my brother的位置)Not only the sons but also their father likes playing computer games.= The father as well as his sons likes playing computer games.（不但他的儿子们连他也喜欢玩电脑游戏。）C not only.but also句型的谓语动词随but also后面的主语而定，而as well as的谓语动词随as well as前面的主语而定。Not only Mr. Lin but also his parents join in the party.（不但林先生，而且他的父母也参加宴会。）Mr. Lin as well as his parents joins in the party. （不但林先生的父母，而且林先生也参加宴会。） (注意这两句的谓语动词形式)说明 虽然not onlybut also和as well as旬型的语序不同，但译文一样，强调的重点一样。2. 从属连词2.1 thatthat引导名词性从句（主语从句、表语从旬、宾语从旬和同位语从旬）和定语从句。在这里只讲解that引导宾语从句。I think (that) he likes football.（我认为他喜欢足球。）He said (that) he would come.（他说他要来。） A that在宾语从句、间接引语中可以省略，主句与从句的时态一致。I think (that) he is tired.I thought (that) he was tired.（我认为他累了。）He says (that) he is late.He said (that) he was late.（他说他迟到了。）B 如果主句的动词是think，believe等，主句的主语是第一人称，变为否定句时，要否定主句，但译成中文时，则要译为否定从句。I believe (that) you will leave here.（我相信你会离开这儿的。）I dont believe (that) you will leave here.（我相信你不会离开这儿的。）补充 常见省略that的宾语以句如下： I hope (that)我希望 be sure (that)确信 I think (that)我认为 be gladhappy (that)很高兴 I say (that)我说 be worried (that)担心 I know (that)我知道 be afraid (that)恐怕2.2 when, while, since, after, before, as和as soon aswhen, while, since, after, before，as，as soon as等是连接时间状语从句的从属连词。在时间状语从句中要特别注意时态的搭配：当主句是将来时时，从句要用一般现在时。When he arrives there, he will call you.（他到达那儿以后，会给你打电话。）When I arrived there, it was raining.（当我到那儿时，天正在下雨。）I entered the room whenwhile Li Ming was talking with her.（我进屋时，李明正在和她谈话。）While I read，she sang.（我在看书时，她在唱歌。）重要 while所引导的从句的谓语动词只能是延续性动词，不能用终止性动词如begin，stop等。I have learned more than two thousand English words since I began learning English two years ago.（自从两年前我开始学习英语以来，我已经学习了两千多个英语单词。）说明 since引导的是一个过去时的句子，说明自当时以来到现在（自从两年前以来），主句一般要用现在完成时。He came to China after the war was over. -= The war was over before he came to China.= The war had been over before he came to China.（战争结束后，他来到中国。）I saw her as I was shopping.（我购物的时候看见了她。）比较 连词所连接的从句不同，意思不同。 He had been in China before the war was over.（战争结束前，他已经在中国了。）2.3 tilluntiltill和until既可以是从属连词，也可以是介词；它们后面可以跟一个句子也可以跟名词或词组。另外，句中（如果是主从复合句，则主句）的动词若是终止性动词，则要用否定式。He stayed there tilluntil his mother came back.（他一直呆在那里直到他妈妈回来。）He didnt finish his homework tilluntil his mother came back.（直到他妈妈回来，他才做完作业。）说明 上例1中的tilluntil是连词，句中的stay是延续性动词。这句话的隐含意思是“他妈妈回来之前他一直在等”，亦即“他妈妈一回来他就不等了”。 上例2中的tilluntil是连词，连接从句his mother came back。因为finish是终止性动词，故用否定式。此句的隐含意思是“他妈妈回来之前他没完成作业”。Can you wait tilluntil I come back?（你能等到我回来吗？）We wont work tilluntil our teacher teaches us how to do“（老师教给我们如何做这个工作之后，我们才会开始做。）I didnt go to sleep tilluntil I finished my homework.（直到我做完作业，我才上床睡觉。）补充 It didnt stop raining till/until midnight 12 oclock.（直到午夜12点，雨才停。）（这是一个简单句，till和until是介词，stop是终止性动词，故用否定式）2.4 becausebecause意为“因为”，可用来连接原因状语从句。She didnt go there, because she was ill.（因为她病了，所以没去那儿。）I did it because my mother told me to.（因为妈妈吩咐我去做这件事，所以我才做的。）A 回答Why问句时，只能用because，不能用for或as。A: Why are you late?（你为什么迟到?）B: Because I met a traffic accident on my way here.（因为在来这儿的路上，我遇到了交通事故。）As it is raining, lets stay at home.（因为下雨，我们就留在家里吧。）（as用于表示理由是已知的，多用于句首）Ill follow his advice, for he is a doctor.（我会听从他的劝告，因为他是医生。）（for不用于句首，而用于主句之后，补充说明理由）B 汉语中，我们经常说“因为所以”，但在英文中有了because，就不能再用so。(O) Because he was tired, he couldnt walk there.（因为他累了，所以他不能走到那儿了。） () Because he was tired, so he couldnt walk there.2.5 if和thoughalthoughIf anyone calls, tell them I am not at home.（如果有人打电话来，就说我不在家。）Though l was tired, I still worked hard.（虽然我很累，可是我仍然努力地工作。）A if意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句。If it is necessary I will come at once.（如果有必要，我会马上来。）You will pass the exam if you work hard.（如果你努力学习，你会通过考试的。）注意 注意时态一致，和时间状语从句一样，如果主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。B thoughalthough意为“虽然”，引导让步状语从句。Though/Although I live near the sea, Im not a good swimmer.(O)I live near the sea, but Im not a good swimmer.（虽然我住在海边，可是我游泳游得并不好。）() ThoughAlthough I live near the sea, but Im not a good swimmer.说明 如果句子中用了though或although(虽然)，就不能再用but（但是）。2.6 so.thatSo.that意为“如此太以至于”，that引导结果状语从句。若that后面的从句是否定句的话，可以用too. .to句型。He is so old that he cant work. =He is too old to work. （他太老了，不能工作。） ；The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.= The box is too heavy for me to lift.（箱子太沉了，我抬不起来。）The girl is so beautiful that everybody likes her.（这个女孩太漂亮了，每个人都喜欢她。）注意！失分陷阱！Common mistakes陷阱例题1_Tom _ Mary speaks good Chinese, so they can communicate with these students very well. 【江西中考】A. Neither; nor B. Not only; but also C. Both; and D. Either; or 句意提示：汤姆和玛丽都能说很流利的英语，所以他们能够很好地和这些中国学生交流。陷阱追击：not only.but also构成的词组担任主语时，谓语动词随but also后面的部分而定，如果对这个知识点掌握的不好，就会误选C。正确解析：根据句意可知是两者都，又因为谓语动词是单数形式, 故正确答案为B。陷阱例题2_Switzerland is very small, _ it is the land of watch and it is very rich.A. Though; but B. because; so C. Because; D. Though; 句意提示：虽然瑞士很小，但它却是手表之国，非常富有。陷阱追击：在表达“尽管但是”时，though与but两者不能同时使用，选D项最恰当。考生容易误选A。正确解析：本题考查though引导的让步状语从句，正确答案为D。陷阱例题3The baby is only one year old, so he cant speak _ write. :A. and B. or C. so D. but ；句意提示：这个婴儿才一岁大，所以他不会说也不会写。陷阱追击：在否定句中，要用or代替and,如果不清楚这种用法，就会选错答案。正确解析：由题意可知，应用表示并列的连词，正确答案为B。陷阱例题4A: Im going to Hangzhou for a holiday this weekend. B: _ you are there, can you buy me some green tea? A. Because B. While C. If D. Though 句意提示：A：这周末我要去杭州度假。B：你在那儿的时候可以帮我买些绿茶吗？陷阱追击：本题考查从属连词的意义及用法，若分辨不清则容易误选。正确解析：if表示假设；while引导时间状语从句。根据题意可知，正确答案为B。实力测验1. 用括号中适当的词填空。1. Tom _ (or, but, and) Jim are brothers.2. Li Ming doesnt like oranges, _ (for, but, or) Emi does.3. Is this bag yours _ (and, or, so) Janes?4. Both Nancy _ (and, or, nor) Ellen play the piano.5. Either Bill _ (and, or, nor) Tom ate the cake.6. Neither Mike _ (and, or, nor) Rose likes English.7. _ (If, When, Because) he came home, his father was watching TV.8. Ill visit my uncle _ (when, if, after) its fine tomorrow.9. Bob stayed at home _ (because, if, before) he was sick.10. Her mother tried to do something, _ (so, because, but, that) she couldnt do anything.11. We can do great things for our town _ (if, but, what, before) we work together.12. I think youve learned a lot in China _ (before, since, if, that) you came here.13. Go to see the doctor at once, _ (or, and, so) your cold may get worse.14. Which do you like better, the cat _ (or, and, but) the dog?15. Some people waste food _ (while, when, because) others havent enough.that what which who how why whether when how long how many2. 用适当的词填空。1. I want to know _ they are preparing for.2. Please tell him _ the train will arrive. I want him to come to the station to meet me.3. Can you tell me _ he will come or not?4. I dont know _ he is always late. His house is not far away from here