讲稿,动词的时态.doc

语法复习二 动词的时态和语态英语的动词在表示不同时间里发生的行为或存在的状态时，要用不同的形式来表示。这种不同的形式叫做动词的时态。英语的时态从时间上来看，可分为“现在”，“过去”，“将来“和”过去将来“四大类。每大类的构成和用法上，又分为4小类，一般，进行，完成和完成进行（时态）。因此，动词共有十六种不同时态，但常用的时态有十种。【口诀】一般现在时”不受时间之限制”,一般过去时”与现在没有联系”; 进行时是”阶段性暂时性”; 过去完成时是”过去的过去”; 现在完成时”过去的动作至今及近况,经历,经验结果又影响”。一一般体1 一般现在时的用法(am/is/are/does)现职，性格和特征，能力，习惯，经常性。有时替代将来时，真理，史，剧，图说明。1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday，seldom, frequently等。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。u 2） 表示按时间表或时刻表发生的动作，表“运动”的短暂性动词，如go, come, leave, start, begin, arrive ,take off等 The trains leaves at 5p.m.u 3）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。表示格言或警句。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 Actions speak louder than words.行动重于语言。 【注意】：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4） 主语现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。u 5）由连词if, unless, before, as soon as, when once, however 等引导的时间，条件，让步状语从句中，“主将从现”，即主句用将来事，从句用现在时。Ill follow him wherever he goes.We will start as soon as you arrive.你一来，我们就开始。l 6）：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。l 7）：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study, the better results you will get. 【练习】 1）The earth _ round the sun in 365 days. A.moves B.moved C.has moved D.move 2）(08湖南卷35) Do you have any problems if you _ this job? Well, Im thinking about the salary. A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered 3) (06浙江)This machine _. It hasnt worked for years. A. didn t work B. wasn t working C. doesn t work D. isn t working 4) (06全国) The house belongs to my aunt but she_ here any more. A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live5）What would you do if it _ tomorrow? We have to carry it on ,since weve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷） A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining答案：A(真理，事实用一般时),C（条件状语从句，一般时代替将来时）,C,B,B（条件状语从句，一般时代替将来时）2 一般过去时 (did,was,were)单纯着眼过去事，结果，影响，少考虑经常，习惯，连续性，伴随状语系特指。1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, in 1982,、two days ago（两天前）、last year（去年）、the other day（前几天）、once upon a time（很久以前）、 just now（刚才）、in the old days（过去的日子里）、before liberation（解放前）、 When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时）、at + 一个时间点等。例如：Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的反复的动作。常与sometimes, often, seldom, usually等连用。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来表示。the boy opened his eyes for a moment，looked at the captain，and then died.那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿，看看船长，然后就去世了。表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作常与always，never等连用。Mrs. peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。（只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她现在是否常带着伞。）3）由连词if, unless, before, as soon as, when once, however 等引导的时间，条件，让步状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来时的动作，例如He said that he would not go if it rained.补充内容：（句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时，取决于动作是否对现在有影响。 Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗？（你现在不饿吗？） Yes, I have. 是的，我已经吃过了。（已经吃饱了，不想再吃了。） When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的？（关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。）4）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ，例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would （had） rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。5） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？【补充】would do:表示过去的习惯性行为。When he was in trouble, he would turn to his mother.used to / be used to used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。【练习二】1.She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later. A.arriving B.to arriveC.having arrived D.and arrived2.Your phone number again?I_quite catch it. A.didnt B.couldntC.dont D.cant3. Jack bought a new mobile phone the other day.2007 浙江卷_? Thats his third one in just one month. A. Had he B. Did he C. Does he D. Has he4 The play had already been on for quite some time when we _ at the New Theatre. 2007 浙江卷 A. have arrived B. arrived C. had arrived D. arrive5. (08浙江卷05) I dont believe youve already finished reading the book I _it to you this morning!A. would lend B. was lending C. had lent D. lent答案：D(并列句)，A,B,B,D.3 一般将来时 (will/shall/be going to/be about to/be to do)将来动作或状态，多用状语表未来。倾向，推测，常做事，计划，约定及安排。1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或者存在的状态，事物的固有属性或必然趋势。Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。u 2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。【注意】be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.【区分】be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）u 3）be +to do表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。还表吩咐，命令，禁止，想要，命中注定等。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 “应该”，相当于should,ought to。 What is to be done? 应该怎么办呢？ “必须”，must, have to The letter is to be handed to him in person. “想要”，intend,want If we are to be there efore ten, well have to go now. 否定句，“禁止” ，mustnt You are not to smoke in the reading-room. “可以，可能”，may,can She is nowhere to be found.在哪里也找不到她。 to be blame(该受责备) Which driver is to blame for the accident?to be let（待出租） This hould is to let.u 4）be about to +do，即将发生的动作，意为马上做某事。后面不跟具体的时间状语，但是可以和when引导的时间状语从句连用例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 【注意】：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5）be due to,表示事先确定的事，到时必定会发生 The train is due to depart in ten minutes.火车预定在十分钟之后离开。6）be on the point of doing强调即将发生的某种情况 The child was on the point of crying when her mother came back.u 7）有些动词如come, go, leave, start, arrive, take, take off 等用一般时和进行时都可表示将来, 主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情He comes here tonight.We are leaving on Friday.我们计划周五离开。【重点】一般现在时表将来 1）下列表示位置转移的动词如come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如： When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。 Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 4一般过去将来（should/would+(not)+do）过去预计将发生，习惯倾向常表明。多用宾语从句中，构成方法要记清。Would/should do sth. Was/were to do sth.Was/were going to do sth. Was/were about to do sth.Was/were on the point of doing sth.例如：He said he would never come again.l 表示过去预计将要发生的事。We asked him when he would be here again.我们问他何时再来。l 表示过去的习惯性动作或倾向。In those days, when he was free he would go fishing.l 宾语从句中，主要用于主句为一般过去时，表示转述直接引语。He asked when I would come back.l Was/were to do sth.：通常表示即将发生的事情。例如：The train was about to leave. 火车马上就要开了u 用过去进行时表示过去将来时对于像 go, come, leave, fly, drive, arrive, start 等动词，可以用过去进行时表示近期将要发生的动作。例如： She didnt say when she was coming again next time. 她没说下一次什么时候会再来。Jim decided they were flying to England next month. 吉姆决定他们下个月坐飞机去英国。二进行体5.现在进行时 此刻此段正发生，行为始末难分清。感情色彩顿增添，强调动作暂时性。 现在进行时的基本用法：1）表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。2）习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）3）表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin，change,improve,等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。u 4） 与always, constantly, forever ,all the time等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩,表示惊讶，感叹，厌恶等情绪。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。【典型例题】 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 5）一个常动作为背景，被一个短动作打断，常动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体， My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.【注意】不用进行时的动词 1） 表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn,appear等。例如： You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 6. 过去进行时（was/were+(not)+doing）过去某刻（段）正进行，常依状语，上下文。可替过去将来时，描述背景情顿生。1）表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作,或者某一段内频繁发生的动作，常与at that time, at this time yesterday等时间状语或者状语从句连用。What were you doing at 8 last night?It was raining when I left school.2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。4) 与always, constantly, forever ,all the time等词连用，表示过去反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩,表示惊讶，感叹，厌恶等情绪。 The boy was continually asking questionsu 【辨析】过去进行时和一般过去时。过去进行时（was/were doing）通常表示一个过去正在进行而且尚未完成的动作，一般过去时（was/were/did）表示一个过去已经完成的动作，如They were building a bridge there.(不一定建成)They built a bridge there.(已经建成)【典型例题】1） Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2） As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read；was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was fallingD. read；fell答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。7.将来进行时。将来某刻（段）正进行，预计不久要发生。通常用在口语中，语气委婉顿生情。1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如： Shell be coming soon. 她会很快来的。 Ill be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 Ill be having a talk with her.2） 常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。三，完成体8.现在完成时 （have/has +(not )+done）过去动作及状况，现已结束或延长。强调经验或经历，着眼结果和影响。现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。1) 常与下列状语连用：yet,just, before, lately, often, never, now, this year, today.但不与特定的过去时间状语连用。如in 1993, last year2) 表示一个从过去某个时间开始延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作。常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far, up to now, since ,for the past(last)few years等 Up to now, we have received no news from her.3) 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时，强调第一个动作先发生，然后才发生第二个动作，也可用于从句中，表示一个动作现与另一个动作。We will start at once of the rain has stopped.(若雨停了，我们立刻出发)l 4) 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that 结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。【注意】：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题（1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming （2） -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come （1）答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 （2）答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.【比较】since和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. since的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。n 延续动词与瞬间动词 1） 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果） Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2） 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才。例如： He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10点。 【典型例题】1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had metB. have met C. metD. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。【注意】在现在完成时中，终止动词若与for,since等延续状语连用，需把终止动词变为be动词等的适当的形式。如：Diebe dead, joinbe in fall illbe illFinishbe over leave/gobe away make friendsbe friendsBecomebe beginbe on buy have borrowkeep get readybe ready meetstay together marrybe married(to) dressbe(dressed in) put onhave on/wearn 【常见的瞬间动词】： Come go get to/reach/arrive at, leave buy, sell , open, close, get up ,join/take part in, begin/start, return/ give, borrow/lend, become/turn, bring/take, die ,finish/end, receive/hear from, marry, break, lose, jump等n 【比较】一般过去时与现在完成时 前者单纯谈过去，结果影响少考虑后者今昔紧相连，强调影响或经历。前者状语系特定，后者延续，非特指。有时需看上下文，时间地点要注意。1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, n