IBT 官方指南 OG第三版【写作】.doc

TO WrRead t chapt to lear5EFL iBTitingg The format of TOEFL iBT Writing questionsg How your written responses are evaluatedg Tips for answering each Writing question typeg Strategies for raising your TOEFL Writing scoreehis rnIntroduction to the Writing SectionThere are two tasks in the Writing section of the TOEFL iBT test: an IntegratedWriting Task and an Independent Writing Task.The Integrated Writing Task comes first because it requires some listening, and when you are taking the real TOEFL iBT, you will be wearing headphones. When you finish the Integrated Writing Task, which takes about 20 minutes, you may take the headphones off to work on the Independent Writing Task. You will then have 30 minutes to complete the Independent Writing Task.This chapter discusses each of the writing tasks in detail and the scoring cri- teria that raters will use to evaluate your writing. It includes samples of each task, sample responses to each task, and specific advice on how to approach writing your own response.For both the writing tasks on the TOEFL iBT, the people evaluating your writ- ing recognize that your response is a first draft. You are not expected to produce a well-researched, comprehensive essay about a highly specific, specialized topic. You can receive a high score with an essay that contains some errors.The Integrated Writing TaskYou will read a passage about an academic topic for three minutes, and then you will hear a short lecture related to the topic. Then you will be asked to summarize the points in the listening passage and explain how they relate to specific points in the reading passage.This task gives you the opportunity to demonstrate your ability to show that you can communicate in writing about academic information you have read andlistened to.195TOEFL iBT WritingExampleA reading passage like the following will appear on your computer screen. You will have 3 minutes to read the passage.In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attacka project offers several advantages. First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likelyto possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by that decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine,” to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a teams overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.Then you will hear:NarratorNow listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.ProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the com- pany took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride” . . . they didnt contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked es- pecially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it wont surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didnt move very quickly. Why? Be- cause it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On196TOEFL iBT Writingthe other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to be- come very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occa- sion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.The reading passage will then reappear on your computer screen, along with the fol- lowing directions and writing task:You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.The writing clock will then start a countdown for 20 minutes of writing time.How the Task Is PhrasedIf the lecture challenges the information in the reading passage, the writing task will usually be phrased in one of the following ways:b Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.b Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage.b Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they answer the problems raised in the reading passage.If the lecture supports or strengthens the information in the reading passage, the writing task will usually be phrased in one of the following ways:b Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they support the explanations in the reading passage.b Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they strengthen specific points made in the reading passage.197TOEFL iBT WRITINGStrategies for Raising Your Score on theIntegrated Writing TaskAs you read:bTake notes on your scratch paper.bLook for the main idea of the reading passage. The main idea often has to do with some policy or practice or some position on an issue. Or it may have to do with proposing some overall hypothesis about the way some process or procedure works or should work or how some natural phe- nomenon is believed to work.bSee how this main idea is evaluated or developed. Usually it will be devel- oped in one of two ways:1. Arguments or explanations are presented that support the main posi- tion; for example, why there are good reasons to believe that some pol- icy or practice will be beneficial or prove useful or advisable or perhaps why it has been a good thing in the past.2. Arguments or explanations or problems are brought up concerning why some policy or practice or position or hypothesis will not or does not work or will not be useful or advisable.bYou do not need to memorize the reading passage. It will reappear on your computer screen when it is time to write.b Note points in the passage that either support the main idea or provide reasons to doubt the main idea. Typically the main idea will be developed with three points.As you listen:bTake notes on your scratch paper.b Listen for information, examples, or explanations that make points in the reading passage seem wrong or less convincing or even untrue. For instance, in the example just given, the reading passage says that working in teams is a good thing because it gives individuals a chance to stand out. But the lecture says that often everyone gets equal credit for the work of a team, even if some people do not do any work at all. The reading says that work proceeds quickly on a team because there are more people involved, and each person brings his or her expertise. But the lecture completely contradicts this claim by stating that it may take a long time for the group to reach consensus. The lecture brings up the idea that the whole team can be blamed for a failure when the fault lies with only a few team mem- bers. This casts doubt on the claim in the reading that teams can take risks and be creative because no one individual is held accountable.198TOEFL iBT WRITINGAs you write your response:bYou may take off your headset if you wish. You will not need your headset for the remainder of the TOEFL iBT test.b Before you start writing, briefly reread the passage, consult your notes, and make a very brief outline of the points you wish to make. You can write this outline on your scratch paper or draw lines between the notes you took on the reading and the notes you took on the lecture. You can even type your outline and notes right into the answer area and then replace these by sentences and paragraphs as you compose your response.b Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading.b Write in full English sentences. You can write either one long paragraph or a series of short paragraphs listing the points of opposition between the reading and the lecture. Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture.b Remember that your job is to select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information from the reading. Your response should con- tain the following:1. The specific ideas, explanations, and arguments in the lecture that oppose or challenge points in the reading.2. Coherent and accurate presentations of each point that you make; that is, the language you use should make sense and should accurately reflect the ideas presented in the lecture and the reading.3. A clear, coherent structure that enables the reader to understand what points in the lecture relate to what points in the reading.b Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question.bCAUTION: You will receive a score of zero if all you do is copy words from the reading passage. You will receive a score of 1 if you write ONLY about the reading passage. To respond successfully, you must do your best to write about the ways the points in the lecture are related to specific points in the reading.199TOEFL iBT WritingIntegrated Writing Scoring Rubric Here is the official Scoring Guide used by raters when they read the IntegratedWriting Task.Score Task Description5 A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organ- ized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.4 A response at this level is generally good in selecting the important information from the lecture and in coherently and accurately presenting this information in relation to the relevant information in the reading, but it may have minor omis- sion, inaccuracy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long assuch usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.3 A response at this level contains some important information from the lecture and conveys some relevant connection to the reading, but it is marked by one or more of the following:b Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys only vague, global, unclear, or somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in the lecture to points made in the reading.b The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.b Some key points made in the lecture or the reading, or connections between the two, may be incomplete, inaccurate, or imprecise.b Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent or may result in no- ticeably vague expressions or obscured meanings in conveying ideas and con- nections.200TOEFL iBT WritingScore Task Description2 A response at this level contains some relevant information from the lecture, but is marked by significant language difficulties or by significant omission or inaccuracy of important ideas from the lecture or in the connections between the lecture and the reading; a response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:b The response significantly misrepresents or completely omits the overall connection between the lecture and the reading.b The response significantly omits or significantly misrepresents important points made in the lecture.b The response contains language errors or expressions that largely obscure connections or meaning at key junctures, or that would likely obscure under- standing of key ideas for a reader not already familiar with the reading and the lecture.1 A response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:b The response provides little or no meaningful or relevant coherent content from the lecture.b The language level of the response is so low that it is difficult to derive mean- ing.0 A response at this level merely copies sentences from the reading, rejects the topic or is otherwise not connected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.201TOEFL iBT WritingSample Scored Responses for the Integrated Writing TaskThe following were written in response to the task “Working in Teams” shown on page 196.Score 5 ResponseThe lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened for real.First, some members got free rides. That is, some didnt work hard but gotrecognition for the success nontheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard was not given recognition they should have got. In other words, they werent given the oppotunity to “shine.” This derectly contradicts what the passage indicates.Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are nore responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in dicision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are neccesary procceedures in decision making. This was another part where experience contradicted theory.Third, influetial people might emerge, and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, thegroup might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might be less flexible in thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed.Raters CommentsThere are several errors of spelling, word formation, and subject-verb agreement in this response; however, most of these errors seem to be the result of typing errors common to first drafts. This writer does an excellent job of presenting the lecturers points that contradict the arguments made in reading passage. The writer is very specific and has o