GRE阅读笔记no6-3.doc

NO6-3-by corpuscle 来自寄托天下The use of heat pumps has been SEheld back largely by skepticism about 指示词advertisers claims that heat pumpscan provide as many as two units of (5) thermal energy for each unit of elec-trical energy used, thus apparentlycontradicting the principle of energy 指示词conservation.Heat pumps circulate a fluid SE(10) refrigerant that cycles alternativelyfrom its liquid phase to its vaporphase in a closed loop. The refrigerant,starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor(15) driven by an electric motor. Therefrigerant leaves the compressoras a hot, dense vapor and flowsthrough a heat exchanger called thecondenser, which transfers heat from(20) the refrigerant to a body of air. Nowthe refrigerant, as a high-pressure,cooled liquid, confronts a flow restrictionwhich causes the pressure to drop. Asthe pressure falls, the refrigerant(25) expands and partially vaporizes,becoming chilled. It then passesthrough a second heat exchanger, theevaporator, which transfers heat fromthe air to the refrigerant, reducing(30) the temperature of this second body ofair. Of the two heat exchangers, one is 指示词located inside, and the other oneoutside the house, so each is in contactwith a different body of air: room air (35) and outside air, respectively.The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled byvalves. When the refrigerant flow isreversed, the heat exchangers switch(40) function. This flow-reversal capabilityallows heat pumps either to heat orcool room air.Now, if under certain conditions aheat pump puts out more thermal energy (45) than it consumes in electrical energy,has the law of energy conservation beenchallenged? No, not even remotely: the TSadditional input of thermal energy intothe circulating refrigerant via the(50) evaporator accounts for the difference 特殊短语、in the energy equation.Unfortunately, there is one real 、SE、problem. The heating capacity of aheat pump decreases as the outdoor(55) temperature falls. The drop in capacityis caused by the lessening amount ofrefrigerant mass moved through thecompressor at one time. The heatingcapacity is proportional to this mass 关系(60) flow rate: the less the mass of 关系refrigerant being compressed, the lessthe thermal load it can transfer throughthe heat- pump cycle. The volume flowrate of refrigerant vapor through the(65) single-speed rotary compressor used inheat pumps is approximately constant.But cold refrigerant vapor entering acompressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of(70) cold refrigerantand thus the thermalenergy it carriesis less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer beforecompression.Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of SE、(75) heat pumps: in extremely cold climateswhere the most heat is neededheatpumps are least able to supply enough heat.文章结构类型：现象解释型，首段先提出一个疑问，后文给出解释。The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.TS：the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.热泵（heat pump）的使用受到阻遏，这在很大程度上由于人们对广告商的声音心存疑虑，广告商称，对于所被消耗的每个单位的电能来说，热泵可产生多达两个单位的热能，因此显然与能量守恒定理相背悖。热泵将一液体致冷剂加予循环流动，该致冷剂在一封闭的环道内从其液体阶段至气体阶段交替地作循环运动。致冷剂初启动时作为一低温低压的气体，进入由电动马达驱动有压缩机。在离开压缩机时，致冷剂已变作高温、稠密的气体，流经一个被称为冷凝器的热交换器，将热量从致冷剂转换作一团气体。现在，该致冷剂作为一高压、冷却的液体，面临一流量限制，致使压力下降。随着压力的下降，致冷剂膨胀且部分蒸发，变得冷却下来。接着，它流经第二个热交换器，即蒸发机，将热量从气体转换为致冷剂，从而将这第二团气体的压力加以降低。在这两个热交换器之间，一个位于室内，另一个位于室外，这样，每个热交换器所接触的是一团不同的气体，分别为室内空气和室外空气。致冷剂在热泵内的流向由阀门控制。当致冷剂的流向被逆转时，两个热交换器便互相转换其功能。这种流向逆转能力致使热泵可将房间空气加热或冷却。现在，如果在某些条件下，热泵所产生的热能超出了它所消耗的电能，能量守恒定律即已遭到质疑了吗？不，丝毫没有：通过蒸发机而额外输入到循环流动的致冷剂中的热能足以解释能量平衡方面的这一差异。不幸的是，存在着一个真的问题。热泵的加热功能会随着室外温度的下降而减弱。加热能力的降低是由压缩机中一次流过的致冷剂质量的减少所致。加热能力与此致冷剂质量流率成正比：受到压缩的致冷剂质量越少，它通过热泵循环所能转换的热负载就越低。流经单速旋转压缩机的致冷剂气体，其体积流率是大致稳定不变的。但是，进入压缩机的冷致冷剂气体的压力要低于较暖气体的压力。因此，冷致冷剂的质量以及因此它所运载的热能要低于另一种情形下的质量，即假如致冷剂气体在被压缩之前温度较高的话。如此看来，这里存在着热泵的一个真正的障碍：在极寒冷的气候条件中亦即最需要热量之时热泵却最不能提供充分的热量。17. The primary purpose of the passage is to（全文主旨题，从TS、SE上看，首先提出一个问题，然后解释heat pumps的工作原理，再给出其缺陷） A. explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes（片面） B. contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps（文章未提） C. describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use D. advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps（文章未提） E. expose extravagant claims about heat pumps as false（与原文相反）答案：(C)18. The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by（细节题）A. carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle（文章未提）B. pointing out a factual error in the statement that gives rise to this question（文章未提）C. supplying additional relevant facts（文章第二段解释heat pumps的工作原理）D. denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps（文章未提）E. explaining that heat pumps can cool, as well as heat, room air（片面）答案：(C)19. It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when（推理题，定位L5355：The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls.室外温度下降，热泵能力下降，因此，室外温度上升，热泵能力也上升；热泵能力最高也就是室外温度最高的时候，即最不需要热量的时候。定位L7478取非，Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climateswhere the most heat is neededheat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.）A. heating is least essentialB. electricity rates are lowestC. its compressor runs the fastestD. outdoor temperatures hold steadyE. the heating demand surges答案：(A)20. If the authors assessment of the use of heat pumps (lines 1-8) is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?（推理题，定位L4751，No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.顾客之所以怀疑，是因为对heat pump的工作机理不了解）A. Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.（没有夸大）B. Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.（不是问题的根源）C. Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective clients ability to believe.D. Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles.（本文的顾客虽然知道能量守恒，但不知道heat pump的具体工作机理，从而导致的怀疑）E. Concentrate your advertising firmly on financially relevant issues such as price discounts and efficiency of operation. （文章未提）答案：(C)21. The passage suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if（缺陷题，定位L4751，No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.正是因为顾客不了解evaporator的作用，所以怀疑这个广告）A. they could also be used as air conditioners（文章未提）B. they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed（问题的关键不是heat pumps的缺陷，而是人们怀疑广告）C. their heat output could be thermostatically controlled（问题的关键不是heat pumps的缺陷，而是人们怀疑广告）D. models with truly superior cooling capacity were advertised more effectively（文章未提）E. people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation答案：(E) 22. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction (line 22) in a heat pump is to（给定行数题，定位L2026，Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.）A. measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point（文章未提）B. compress and heat the refrigerant vaporC. bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerantD. exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point（定位L2629，It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant,不是flow restriction的作用）E. reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed（定位L3640，The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function.）答案：(C) 23. The author regards the notion that heat pumps have a genuine drawback as a (态度题，定位L5253，Unfortunately, there is one real problem.)A. cause for regretB. sign of premature defeatismC. welcome challengeD. case of sloppy thinkingE. focus for an educational campaign答案：(A) All of Francoise Dupares surviving SE、F-Dpaintings blend portraiture and genre.Her subjects appear to be acquaintanceswhom she has asked to pose; she has (5) captured both their self-consciousnessand the spontaneity of their everydayactivities, the depiction of whichcharacterizes genre painting. But genre SE、转折painting, especially when it portrayed(10) members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth-century Fran- 18-c-Fce. The Le Nain brothers and Georges L=Gde La Tour, who also chose such themes,were largely ignored. Their present(15) high standing is due to a different,more SE、特殊短语，democratic political climate and todifferent aesthetic values: we no longer require artists to provide ideal imagesof humanity for our moral edification(20) but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth. Duparc givesno improving message and discreetlyrefrains from judging her subjects. Inbrief, her works neither elevate nor 特殊短语(25) instruct. This restraint largelyexplains her lack of popular successduring her lifetime, even if her talent 让步did not go completely unrecognized byher eighteenth-century French 18-c-F(30) contemporaries.费朗索瓦丝迪帕克（Francoise Duparc）所有幸存的绘画作品将肖像画和风俗画融为一体。她的创作对象似乎是她的熟人，这些人应她之邀前来摆姿势作画。无论是他们日常活动的忸怩害羞之态，还是其自然率直之神情，她都一并捕捉住，而对日常活动的描绘，即构成了风俗画（genre painting）之特征。然则，风欲画，尤其是当它表现最卑微阶层的成员时，在十八世纪的法国从未受到人们的青睐。勒纳安（Le Nain）兄弟以及乔治德拉图尔（Georges de La Tour）同样也选择了这样的题材，但在很大程度上被人不屑一顾。他们目前很高的地位缘自一种全然不同的、更为民主的政治氛围，并且缘自全然不同的美学价值：我们不再要求艺术家提供理想化的人类形象来进行道德教诲，相反，却会把这种理想化的做法视作对真理的弄虚作假。迪帕克从不传达出粉饰现实的主题，并小心翼翼地避免对其人物对象作道德评判。简而言之，她的作品既不美化，亦不说教。这种克制在很大程度上足以解释她有生之年何以会缺乏普遍的成功，虽然她的艺术禀赋并没有遭到其十八世纪法国同代人的彻底漠视。文章结构类型：全文一个观点型，全篇文章说的都是Francoise Dupares paintings的问题.TS：没有特别的主题句.24. According to the passage, modern viewers are not likely to value which of the following qualities in a painting?（推理题，定位L1721，we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth.）A. The technical elements of the painting（定位L12，All of Francoise Dupares surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre.文章肯定D的成功）B. The spontaneity of the painting（定位L47，she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity oftheir everyday activities）C. The moral lesson imparted by the paintingD. The degree to which the painting realistically depicts its subject（定位L1721，we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth.由此可以看出现在的人们很看重真实）E. The degree to which the artists personality is revealed in the painting答案：(C)25. If the history of Duparcs artistic reputation were to follow that of the Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, present-day assessments of her work would be likely to contain which of the following?（推理题，将D等同于Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour，L和G的特征也是D的特征，定位L1217，The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values:）A. An evaluation that accords high status to her workB. Acknowledgement of her technical expertise but dismissal of her subject matter as trivialC. Agreement with assessments made in her own time but acknowledgements of the exceptional quality of a few of her paintingsD. Placement of her among the foremost artists of her centuryE. A reclassification of her work as portraiture rather than genre painting答案：(A) 26. It can be inferred from the passage that the term genre painting would most likely apply to which of the following?（推理题，定位L412，she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre painting. But genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth-century France.）A. A painting depicting a glorious moment of victory following a battleB. A painting illustrating a narrative from the BibleC. A portrayal of a mythological Greek goddessD. A portrayal of a servant engaged in his workE. A formal portrait of an eighteenth- century king答案：(D)27. The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgments of artistic work?（泛指化题目）A. Aesthetic judgments can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgment.（定位L1417，Their Present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values）B. Judgments of the value of an artists work made by his or her contemporaries must be discounted before a true judgment can be made.（文中未提）C. Modern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic painting as the most desirable form of painting.（与原文相反，定位L1721， we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth.）D. In order to be highly regarded, an artist cannot be solely identified with one particular kind of painting. （文中未提）E. Spontaneity is the most valuable quality a portrait painter can have. （文中未提）答案：(A) Mycorrhizal fungi infect more TS、M-f、plants than do any other fungi and arenecessary for many plants to thrive,but they have escaped widespread 转折 (5) investigation until recently for two 、指示词reasons. First, the symbioticassociation is so well-balanced thatthe roots of host plants show no damageeven when densely infected. Second, the(10) fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in theabsence of a living root. Despite these SE、让步difficulties, there has been importantnew work that suggests that this symbiotic association can be harnessed(15) to achieve more economical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer and to s-fpermit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal r-pbenefits are not limited to improved(20) phosphate uptake in host plants. In plegumes, mycorrhizal inoculation hasincreased nitrogen fixation beyondlevels achieved by adding phosphate p-ffertilizer alone. Certain symbiotic(25) associations also increase the hostplants resistance to harmful rootfungi. Whether this resistance results SEfrom exclusion of harmful fungi through 1、2、3competition for sites, from metabolic(30) change involving antibiotic production,or from increased vigor is undetermined. 菌根真菌（mycorrhizal fungi）比诸于其它任何真菌会感染到更多的植物，并且对于许多植物的茂盛生长显得不可或缺；然而，它们直到最近为止由于两个缘由而没能得到广泛的研究。首先，共生联系（symbiotic association）是平衡得如此之好，以致于寄主植物（host plant）的根部即使在遭到密集感染的情况下亦不会显示出任何受损害的迹象。其次，这种真菌迄今为止尚无法在缺乏有生命的植物根茎的情况下被培养出来。尽管存在这些困难，科学家已完成了重要的全新研究，表明这种共生联系可被利用起来，对昂贵的过磷酸钙化肥可获得更为经济的用途，并允许人们更好地利用较为廉价、不那么易于溶解的岩磷酸钙化肥。菌根的益处并非局限于寄主植物身上业已提高的磷酸肥吸收量。在豆科植物（legume）上，菌根的移入土壤提高了固氮率，其效果要超过单靠增施磷酸化肥所能取得的固氮水准。某些共生联系还能增强寄生植物对有害的根部真菌的抵抗力。这种抵抗力是否源自通过场所竞争对有害真菌的驱逐，是否源自那种涉及抗菌素产生的新陈代谢变化，或是否源自植物活力的提高，这些尚不得而知。文章结构类型：全文论证一个中心型，文章都是关于Mycorrhizal fungi的叙述，先说其未能被研究的原因，再说Mycorrhizal fungi的好处，最后提出疑问.TS：Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi and are necessary for many plants to