增减重复练习.doc

第九讲 增词法一、教学目的：了解和掌握增词法（Amplification）在翻译中的运用。二、教学过程：A根据意义上或修辞上的需要for purpose of rhetoric or coherence1.1增加动词 1）In the evening ，after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibitions，he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。 3）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better，a very influential intellectualthe very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。 4）They had been through it al at his sidethe bruising battles，the humiliations of the defeat|through empty mid-1960suntil at last，in 1968，they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph。 2. 增加形容词 1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。 2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。 3）O, Tom Canty，born in rags and dirt and misery，what sight is this！（Mark Twain） 3. 增加副词 根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达愿意。 1）The crowds melted away。 2）As she sat down and began talking，words poured out。 3）Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands。 4）In the films of those days，all too often it was the same one：boy tractor driver meets girls tractor driver；they fall in love and drive tractor together。4. 增加名词 4.1 在不及物动词后面增加名词 1）Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia。 2）Day after day he came to his worksweeping，scrubbing，cleaning。 3）First you borrow，then you beg。 4）The lieutenant Grub launched into the old recruiting routine，“See，save and serve！Hannigan， free tour to all the ports in the world。A fine ship for a home。Three meals a day without chargeYou must not let such a golden opportunity slip by。” 4.2在形容词前增加名词 1）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine。 2）A new kind of aircraftsmall，cheap，pilotlessis attracting increasing attention。 3）He is complicated manmoody，mercurial，with a melancholy streak。 4.3在抽象名词后增加名词 某些有动词后形容词派生出来的抽象名词，翻译是可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。如： to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服工作 to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作 backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态 tense 紧张 tension 紧张状况 arrogant 自满 arrogance 自满情绪 mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为 antagonistic 敌对 antagonism 敌对态度 1）After all preparations were made ，the planes were flown across he U.S to San Francisco. 2) In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 4.4 在具体名词后增加名词 1）He felt the patriot rise within his breast。 2）He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。5.增加表示名词复数的词 5.1 增加重叠词表示复数 1）Flowers bloom all over the yard. 2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 5.2 增加数词或其它词表示复数 1) The lion is the king of animals. 2）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 3) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 4) Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial, expansion under the Tsars. 6. 增加表示时态的词 6.1 对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。 1）I had known two great social systems. 2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 3) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. 4) Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power. 6.2 强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词 1 )The old man said，“They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are。 2 )I was and remain，grateful for the part he played in my release。 3）The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。 7. 增加语气助词。 1）Don t take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 2) As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning. 3) They (the eyes) were the same color as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.4 ) He described it (Latvia)-its forests, its little villages ,its people ,their fierce nationalism-with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love ones motherland. 民的强烈民族主义啦等等，只有深深热爱祖国的人才能说得如此娓娓动听，滔滔不绝。 5) It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.8. 增加量词 8.1 英语中的数词（包括不定冠词a）与可数名词往往直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语往往借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料上的名词量。如： a bike 一辆自行车 a typewriter 一架打字机 a tractor 一台拖拉机 a mouth 一张嘴 a full moon 一轮满月 a bad dream 一场恶梦 1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm lake。 2）Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon。 3）A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river。 4）November26 ：“Started trying to read a Russian story。Constant use of dictionary and many questions。” 8.2 英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语动词时常需增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。 1）Once, they have a quarrel。 2）Herb gave her a sly look。 3）I was extremely worried about her，but this was neither place nor the time for a lecture or an argument。，补充了“轰炸”和“反对轰炸”，意思就比较清楚。10增加概括词英语和汉语都有概括词。英语中的in short, and so on, etc.等等，翻译时可以分别译为“总之”、“等等”。当有时候英语句子中并没有概括词，而翻译时却往往可增加“两人”、“双方”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。如：You and I The Soviet Union, the United States, England and Francemilitarily, politically and economically1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.2）It is remarkably clear. It shows streets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens.3）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.B、根据句法上的需要(for purpose of syntax)1. 增补原文回答句中的省略部分1) Is this your book? Yes, it is.（Yes, it is = Yes, it is mine.）2) Rebecca：“What! Dont you love him (Amelias brother)?”Amelia：“Yes, of course, I do.”（Yes, of course, I do = Yes, of course I love him.）2. 增补原文句子中所省略的动词3) Reading makes a full man; conference () a ready man; writing () an exact man.4) An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the Eagle () at the summit of a high tree, the Fox () in a hole at the foot of it. 5) We dont retreat, we never have () and never will ().6) “No!” Jesse jumped up. “No, I believed that too. But I dont () now. ”7) He remembered the incident, as had his wife (). 8) Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows () lower.3. 增补原文比较句中的省略部分1) The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.2) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.3) I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than others.4. 增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分1) We didnt admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our hopes.At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. 第十讲省略法（减词法）一、教学目的：了解和掌握省略法（omission）在翻译中的运用。二、教学过程：省略（omission）是指原文中有写词在译文中译不出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反而嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例探讨省略法：A. 从语法角度来看1. 省代词1.1省略作主语的人称代词1) He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable2) But its the way I am and try as I might , I havent been able to change it. 3) They had ground him beneath their heel, they had taken the best of him, they had murdered his father, they had broken and wrecked his wife, they had crushed his whole family. 4）Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of bread-and-butter ,but there was nowhere to put it and she couldnt possibly throw it away. （2）泛指的英语人称代词做主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也可以省略。 1) We live and learn. 2) You can never tell. 3）Everywhere you can find new types of men and object in New China. 4）Even as the doctor was recommending rest ,he knew that this in itself was not enough ,that one could never get real rest without a peaceful mind. 5）All those years in the military, where there were certain standards and rules; where young men treated their superiors with respect; where you gave an order and it was obey; where a uniform meant you were all on the same side. 1.2 省略做宾语的代词 英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否有提到过，翻译时往往可以省略。1） The more he tried to hide warts, the more he revealed them. 2）She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. 3）In fact, Hitlers “blitz” carried him so far, to the very gate of Leningrad by September, a city he was never to seize. 1.3 省略物主代词 So the train came, he pinched his little sister lovingly, and put his great arms about his mothers neck and then was away. 2）She went, with her neat figure, and her sober womanly step, down the dark street. 3）She felt the flowers were in her figures, on her lips, growing in her breast. 4）He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 2. 省略非人称的或强势句中的it it也是一种代词，但这里主要是讲它的两种特殊用法，即非人称用和强调用。英语 中这样用的it，汉译时往往可以省略不译。2.1 非人称it 1）Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 2）He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15. 3）It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate. 2.2 强势用it 1）It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told. 2）It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house. 3）Peter has always enjoyed claiming that it was he and not George, who was the first to reach the summit of the mountain. 3. 省略连接词 汉语词语之间连接词用的不多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语的次寻来表示。英语则不然，连接词用的比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。 3.1省略并列连接词 1）He looked gloomy and troubled. 2）Despite the privation, and the mounting toll of dead and wounded, however, morale remained intact, and people still smile in the street. 3）He considered it (National Security Council) too large and bulky and thus leaky, too many people who talked too much 4）Your son or your father or your wife or your cousin or your best friend or your boss or your secretary might be an informer for Heydrichs organization 3.2省略从属连接词 （1）省略表示原因的连词 1）We knew spring was coming as (because) we had seen a robin. 2）He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement, since he had not read the text. 3）Because the departure was not easy, we made it brief. 表示条件的连接此if，一般译为“假如”、“如果”等，但在日常口语体或文言文结构中，往往可以省略不译。 1）If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 2）If I had known it, I would not have joined in it. 3）If a spot turned hot, wed overfly it frequently. 4）“Youve got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers. If you are not careful, theyll take you and turn you inside out.” 3.3 省略表示时间的连接词 1）John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 2） When at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully. 3）He stood there, handsome, reserved-somehow those four stars visible even when he was in civvies. 4. 省略冠词 英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词，因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。 1）.A teacher should have patience in his work. 2）The horse is a useful animal. 3）The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 4）The proletariat and the peasantry must unite ! 5）The girl standing at the window is his sister. 英译汉时，省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合，冠词却不能省略，例如： 1）He left without saying a word. 2）Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile. 3）The children are of an age. 4）The onlookers saw the little party climb ashore. 5. 省略前置词 一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾大都不省略。 5.1省略表示时间的前置词 1）The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 2）In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 3）The mother sub was cruising near Wake Island on December 2 when we heard hostilities were to begin December 7. 5.2省略表示地点的前置词 1）Smoking is prohibited in public place. 2）Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. 3）Rumors has already spread along the street and lanes. 表示地点的英语前置词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后面却一般不省略，如： 1）He stood by the desk. 2）She hid behind the door. 3）I stayed in my brothers home.B. 从修辞角度来看 1. 英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉时可按情况做适当省略。 1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 2）Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all knocked me about and starved me. 3）She curtseyed again, and would have blushed deeper, if she could have blushed deeper than she had blushed all the time. 2. 根据汉语习惯，译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。 1）They could be adapted to the waging of peoples war of liberation but were rather useless in an anti-peoples war. 2）In twelve Yenan years the Chinese Communists had fitted themselves to the land, the rhythm of its seasons, the mood of its peasants. 3）There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the power of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end. 4）As scheduled, American and Chinese diplomats met in January 20, at the Chinese Embassy. It was their first get-together in more than two years. 5）There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 第十一讲 重复法一、教学目的：了解和掌握重复法（repetition）在翻译中的运用。二、教学过程：重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的词是上文刚刚出现过的词。翻译和写作一样，本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词，但有时为了明确，强调或生动，却往往需要一些关键性的词加以重复。 1. 重复名词 1.1 英语中作宾语的名词 1） Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 2） I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. 3） They begin to study and analyze the situation of the enemy. 4） Thus, I wrote “Spain in Arms, 1937”and saw china in revolution in 1925-27,and later in war with Japan. 1.2 重复英语中作表语的名词 1） He became an oil baronall by himself. 2） This has been our positionbut not theirs. 3） John is your friend as much as he is mine1.3 重复英语前置词短语前所省略的名词英语中长重复使用前置词，而将第二个，第三个前置词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。 1） The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 2） the story of Jurgis is a story of groans and tears, of poor human beings destroyed by the capitalist industrial machine. 3) We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself. The product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.1.4 重复英语中作先行词的名词英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。1） May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world. 2） They have staged demonstrations and distributed petitions which inevitably find their way to foreign correspondents posted in Moscow. 3） The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.英语中的同位语，在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。 1） The President announced, with obvious relish, that planes took off from shangri-la, the fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas. 2） All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess ultimate prize. 3） Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity . 4） No one dared to walk out of Johnsons Administration, because they knew if they did, two men were going to follow their ass to the end of the earth ,Mr.J.Edgar Hoover and head of the Internal Revenue Service. 2. 重复动词 2.1 英语句子长用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词。 1） Is he a friend or an enemy? 2) The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too. 3) For a good ten minutes, he cursed me and my brother. 4) Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement(Edgar snow) 5) They covered the 19th century foreign intervention in China, Maos Long March in the mid-1930s,the French and American revolutions. 他们谈到十九世纪外国对中国的干涉，谈到毛泽东在三十年代中期的长征，还谈到法国革命和美国革命。2.2 英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。 1） We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other-of everything but